What Did Dinosaurs Really Look Like

In science, new discoveries are often interpreted within old, outmoded contexts—and nowhere is this more evident than in how the early paleontologists of the 19th century reconstructed the appearance of dinosaurs. The earliest dinosaur models displayed to the public, at Englands famous Crystal Palace exposition in 1854, depicted Iguanodon, Megalosaurus, and Hylaeosaurus as looking very much like contemporary iguanas and monitor lizards, complete with splayed legs and greenish, pebbly skin. Dinosaurs were clearly lizards, the reasoning went, and so they must have looked like lizards as well. For over a century afterward, well into the 1950s, dinosaurs continued to be depicted (in movies, books, magazines, and TV shows) as greenish, scaly, reptilian giants. True, paleontologists had established a few important details in the interim: the legs of dinosaurs werent actually splayed, but straight, and their once-mysterious claws, tails, crests, and armor plates had all been assigned to their more-or-less correct anatomical positions (a far cry from the early 19th century, when, for example, the spiked thumb of Iguanodon was mistakenly placed on its nose). Were Dinosaurs Really Green-Skinned? The trouble is, paleontologists—and paleo-illustrators—continued to be fairly unimaginative in the way they portrayed dinosaurs. Theres a good reason why so many modern snakes, turtles, and lizards are drably colored: theyre smaller than most other terrestrial animals, and need to blend into the background so as not to attract the attention of predators. But for well over 100 million years, dinosaurs were the dominant land animals on earth; theres no logical reason they wouldnt have sported the same bright colors and patterns displayed by modern megafauna mammals (such as the spots of leopards and the zig-zag stripes of zebras). Today, paleontologists have a firmer grasp of the role of sexual selection, and herd behavior, in the evolution of skin and feather patterns. Its entirely possible that the huge frill of Chasmosaurus, as well as those of other ceratopsian dinosaurs, was brightly colored (either permanently or intermittently), both to signify sexual availability and to out-compete other males for the right to mate with females. Dinosaurs that lived in herds (such as hadrosaurs) may have evolved unique skin patterns to facilitate intra-species recognition; perhaps the only way one Tenontosaurus could determine the herd affiliation of another Tenontosaurus was by seeing the width of its stripes! What Color Were Dinosaur Feathers? Theres another strong line of evidence that dinosaurs werent strictly monochromatic: the brilliantly colored plumage of modern birds. Birds—especially those that live in tropical environments, like the Central and South American rain forests—are some of the most colorful animals on earth, sporting vibrant reds, yellows, and greens in a riot of patterns. Since its pretty much an open-and-shut case that birds descended from dinosaurs, you might expect the same rules to apply to the small, feathered theropods of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods from which birds evolved. In fact, in the last few years, paleontologists have succeeded in recovering pigments from the fossilized feather impressions of dino-birds like Anchiornis and Sinosauropteryx. What theyve found, unsurprisingly, is that the feathers of these dinosaurs sported different colors and patterns, much like those of modern birds, though of course, the pigments have faded over the course of tens of millions of years. Its also likely that at least some pterosaurs, which were neither dinosaurs nor birds, were brightly colored, which is why South American genera like Tupuxuara are often depicted as looking like toucans. Some Dinosaurs Were Just Plain Dull Although its a fair bet that at least some hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, and dino-birds sported intricate colors and patterns on their hides and feathers, the case is less open-and-shut for larger, multi-ton dinosaurs. If any plant-eaters were plain grey and green, it was probably giant sauropods like Apatosaurus and Brachiosaurus, for which no evidence (or presumed need) for pigmentation has been adduced. Among meat-eating dinosaurs, theres far less evidence for coloration or skin patterns on large theropods like Tyrannosaurus Rex and Allosaurus, though its possible that isolated areas on these dinosaurs skulls were brightly colored. Modern Depiction of Dinosaurs Today, ironically, many paleo-illustrators have veered too far in the opposite direction from their 20th-century forebears, reconstructing dinosaurs like T. Rex with bright primary colors, ornate feathers, and even stripes. True, not all dinosaurs were plain grey or green, but not all of them were brightly colored, either—the same way that not all the birds in the world look like Brazilian parrots. One franchise that has bucked this garish trend is Jurassic Park; even though we have plenty of evidence that Velociraptor was covered with feathers, the movies persist in depicting this dinosaur (among numerous other inaccuracies) with green, scaly, reptilian skin. Some things never change!

The Significance of Stereotypes Illustrated in Hintons...

Stereotype, someone who is regarded as embodying or conforming to a set image or type. This is the main component of the S.E. Hinton novel The Outsiders. The stereotypes in the novel are the Socs and the Greasers. The Socs are the rich kids who don’t have to work for anything, while the Greasers are the poorer kids who have very little. They both live in the city of Tulsa, one group on the Northside and one on the Southside. Outside of these boundaries no-one knows of them but the hatred for each other still plays on their minds. In our community stereotypes play a part in life, but in The Outsiders it is the core theme of the story combining with teenage struggles. In The Outsiders the main character Ponyboy Curtis conforms to the image†¦show more content†¦It is good to see that Ponyboy can look past people’s differences and begin to like the Socs for who they are. In the city of Tulsa there is a gang war between the Greasers and Socs. When the boys left the city they found that no one knew about Greasers and Socs, so they wouldn’t get jumped or discriminated against by the cops or other gangs. Time away from Tulsa helps the main character Ponyboy, a Greaser, reflect and see there is not much difference between the Socs and the Greasers, just how others see them. Socs like Cherry and Randy help Ponyboy along the way to see through the stereotype after the death of a friend. When the church fire occurs in Windrixville and the boys are hurt, in the ambulance Jerry says he has never heard of Greasers. The stereotype of the city is undeniable with most people on the Southside Socs and the Greasers on the Northside. But outside of the city no one knows about the stereotypes, therefore, do they exist? Greasers are the main stereotype in the book but also there is a small part played by the Socs. Although the book is about the life and times of a Greaser there is also a ‘Socs Story’ in there, as throughout the book you learn more and more about the Socs and how they live. But this all changes. When Bob dies Cherry and Randy, the main Socs characters, begin to see that there is no difference between Socs and Greasers. Randy, when he talks to Ponyboy in private doesn’t call

Information And Communication Technology â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Communication Technology And Information? Answer: Introduction The organisation in the case study is a small software development company which is situated in Melbourne. The organisation was established less than 5years ago. The main working concept of the organisation is that it develops and customizes application in the specialization field of network security area and information. The client of the organisation is mainly situated in major cities of Australia and medium to small organisation. At the present time, the organisation undertakes project in order to develop applications mainly in house or to customize off the shelf software in agreement with the prospective of larger vendors. The different implementation of the technology has emerged with the concept of securing the information and network security. This factor can be estimated to be a very important factor due to the direct involvement of the security issue. On the other hand the improved security feature would incurs addition of more cost when related to small organisations who do not involve in big budget (Perlman, Kaufman and Speciner 2016). The overall scope of the organisation is limited to development of application. The company now is trying to expand its exposure into different fields in the time tenure of next five years. This expansions is mainly in the field within information and communication technology (ICT). One of the future options that is liable of implementation is that diversifying the business in providing ongoing information and security services which are related to network to service which has a presence online. These aspects would directly provide security of the organisations with it security of the client database and websites related to it. The report puts direct emphasis on the concept of information and network security. An analysis is provided on the information. Bringing into account the problems related to the implementation of the issue and the rectification dealing with the issues. Network security Network security refers to any activity which is mainly designed to provide protection in the field of integrity and usability. It can be termed as a distributed function. There are many application which may utilize the management of security that may include emails, electronic commerce, detection of intrusion and access control application. The security management aspect faces the same problem as other distributed functions face. It can be state that security management would require human presence with regards to every security device and evaluation which is done manually of all the significant events (Perlman, Kaufman and Speciner 2016). Information and network applications and its use There are mainly two types of network application softwares that are highly used. The category are pure network applications and standalone network application. Pure network applications These applications are mainly used in network areas, using the concept of pure network application on a single computer does not make much of a sense. The main motive behind the concept is that it helps in transfer data and achieve communication within a network. These applications mainly have a different, separate and a distinct interface of the user. Email program The concept of emails helps the user to write a message and communicate with each other. The message are usually written in the local node and the send across to someone on the network access area. It can be considered as the fastest and most reliable source of communication from one computer to another computer. Few example of electronic mail program (Client) can be: Outlook express Fox mail Pegasus mail Opera Poca mail File transfer protocol ( FTP) The main functionality of the protocol is the transfer of files from one computer to another for example from a client to server. There are mainly two processes involved in the protocol of file transfer Downloading: this can be stated as a process of obtaining files from the server to a workstation or can be termed as a client. The most common example is when a user download a program or a music from the server Uploading: this process can be stated as a process of obtaining files from the workstation to the server. An example of such a process is when a user attach a document file and upload it to the server, the most common example is uploading files or a photo to Facebook (Perlman, Kaufman and Speciner 2016). Standalone applications These applications runs on the stand alone computer (computer which are not connected to any other). In order to improve their activity and expand their activity they are mainly build to run on network environment for example word processors, data base management system, project management etc. they perform their desired function even when the computer is offline. Success or failure The concepts of the application can be justified with the term success as they have brought the computer communicating aspect into a whole new era. Expansion with the implementation The implementation of the above stated technology would defiantly improve the overall presentation of the business in the five years plan of advancement. The following points gives a overview of the concept Communication The overall aspects of the internet technology have been considered very much crucial for all business bodies. These concepts can be termed as a life line in order to stay in touch weather in road and responding to the customer with the customers query which should be conducted in a timely manner. Emails, social networking and text messaging are few of the field in the communication era that keeps the business running all the time Marketing The approach of reaching the business to new as well as existing customers had been very much hectic before the innovation of these technologies. Information marketing can range from a simple form of website to a search engine advertising; to online sales product. Email marketing is considered as one of the most effective and low cost related method in order to reach a large group of people in a small amount of time. Mobile marketing is a relatively new frontier that reaches the people through the aspect of text messaging (Beberlein et al. 2016). Telecommunicating Many organisation can expend their approach to proper scenario of business by enforcing telecommuting and flex time benefits. The different personals who are related to the business stay in contact from anywhere around the world. This can be achieved from the approach of emails, collaboration tools which are available over the internet and mobile computing devices. Recommendation with the organisation Recommendation 1: communication should be clear about the human resource aspects that is needed in order to deal with the customers. The human resource body is mainly who incorporates different aspect of the technology and their proper working and can also be related to the staff who use the information technology tools in order to achieve benefit from the technology Recommendation 2: development of the work and the technology do not always involve same quantity of requirement (Nevo, Nevo and Pinsonneault 2016). It can be considered as a very fundamental aspect that to take into account the fundamentals of all the requirement related to the information technology. Recommendation 3: when it comes with the concept of implementing a specie technology for a specific context it should not be taken into consideration how easy the technology is. The security management aspect faces the same problem as other distributed functions face. It can be state that security management would require human presence with regards to every security device and evaluation which is done manually of all the significant events (Perlman, Kaufman and Speciner 2016). Technology capacity, user interface, familiarity aspect regarding tools and the systems have a major impact on the use of the tools with the technology. Recommendation 4: the information technology changes very rapidly with every innovation. It has to take into account that the latest invention in a technology should be known so that lagging behind the technology is not done (German 2017). Recommendation 5: One of the future options that is liable of implementation is that diversifying the business in providing ongoing information and security services which are related to network to service which has a presence online. These aspects would directly provide security of the organisations with it security of the client database and websites related to it. Advantage or disadvantage In every sphere of technology with the predefined advantage that can be achieved from the implementation some disadvantage aspects also comes into play. Few advantage of the implementations are: Enhancing of communication and availability with the information The networking concept epically when allowed to access the internet completely, allow the means of communication that would be merely not possible if the development was not made (Trantopoulos et al . 2016). Instant message aspect can allow the users to talk with each other and create a means of medium where they can transfer files in an efficient and secured manner Highly Flexible The technology is termed as flexible because it gives the user an opportunity to explore everything around the world which are according to the user essential, such as software without affecting the overall working of the functionality concerned in the aspect (Brown 2016). On the other hand the people have the access to all the information they need to have knowledge about and need to share (Beberlein et al. 2016). Disadvantage Independence lack The process or the task that are done are on the computer, this states that the user relies more on the computer work rather than exerting their own effort on the task which is at their own hand (Nevo, Nevo and Pinsonneault 2016). On the other hand the user will be fully dependent on the main server, it means that if the system somehow breaks done the entire system would be useless (Reddy et al. 2016). Lack of robustness As stated above if the serer breaks down the entire system would be useless, also if the bridging device or the central linking server fails the entire system would come to a standstill situation and no operation can be conducted through it. There might be many illegal activities that can occur which has to be taken care of and the user should be aware of it. Security difficulties As the number of user who are using the computer network in order to get the files and share the files over the internet is enormous, a certain users security aspect would always be at a risk factor which is very much crucial. Ones the data of an individual is in the hand of any other than the intended recipient it can possess a security threat (Meurant 2016). Risk management The risk management mainly attempts to identify, control threat and access the threat objectives that can play a dominating role in the sphere of computer internet. Due to the factor of the details related to the user is very much crucial from the point of view of the customer as well as the service providers (Meurant 2016). The security aspects must take into consideration about all the steps that can be initiated in order to maintain the data. Three process can be involved in a risk management procurement: Risk assessment and analysis This can be considered as the first step in the risk management process. It mainly deals with accessing the risk that can generated from any scenario. It can impact the daily day to day activity concerned in the organisation. Affective assessment of the different aspects can considerably decrease the overall impact that the risk can create in the organisation. Risk evaluation After the analysis of the risk the risk evaluation factor is taken into account. A risk evaluation technique estimates the risk against criteria that the organisation which have been already unestablished in the above process (Ooi, K.B. and G.W.H 2016). Risk treatment and response The last step involved in the risk management is the risk treatment and the response which has to be in that context. Risk treatment is mainly the implementation of the procedures and the policies that will directly help minimizing the risk and avoid them. Risk treatment also can extend to the transfer of the risk and the financing of the risk (Beberlein et al. 2016). It is very much important to take into consideration that the risk assessment or the risk management is a continuous process. It should not be that ones the risk is identified and the rectification process is being enforced and the effect of the risk is minimized, the risk assessment or the risk management is omitted. A risk management policies of each and every organisation should be redefined in order to access the risk which are liable in the near future and necessary actions should be implemented so that the effect of the risk is minimized in the process (Meurant 2016). Conclusion Understanding of the emerging technology is a very important concept when dealing with the concepts regarding to the implementation. The result of the above report states that how different technological aspects can be used in the field of organisation, taking into account the advantages and the disadvantage that are in the concerned implementation. Recommendation is provided with the intention for providing a basic scenario which would directly affect the overall business prospective and it would sustain in the near future. One of the future options that is liable of implementation is that diversifying the business in providing ongoing information and security services which are related to network to service which has a presence online. These aspects would directly provide security of the organisations with it security of the client database and websites related to it. Recommendation Recommendation 1: communication should be clear about the human resource aspects that is needed in order to deal with the customers. The human resource body is mainly who incorporates different aspect of the technology and their proper working and can also be related to the staff who use the information technology tools in order to achieve benefit from the technology Recommendation 2: development of the work and the technology do not always involve same quantity of requirement. It can be considered as a very fundamental aspect that to take into account the fundamentals of all the requirement related to the information technology. Recommendation 3: when it comes with the concept of implementing a specific technology for a specific context it should not be taken into consideration how easy the technology is. Technology capacity, user interface, familiarity aspect regarding tools and the systems have a major impact on the use of the tools with the technology. Recommendation 4: the information technology changes very rapidly with every innovation. It has to take into account that the latest invention in a technology should be known so that lagging behind the technology is not done (German 2017). Recommendation 5: One of the future options that is liable of implementation is that diversifying the business in providing ongoing information and security services which are related to network to service which has a presence online. These aspects would directly provide security of the organisations with it security of the client database and websites related to it References Beberlein, L.T., Dias, G., Levitt, K.N., Mukherjee, B. and Wood, J., 2017. Network attacks and an Ethernet-based network security monitor. Bica, I., Naccache, D. and Simion, E., 2016. Innovative Security Solutions for Information Technology and Communications. Brown, R.S., 2016. Protocol for the Isolation and Rapid Characterization of Foreign Debris in Pharmaceutical Products Using Light and Electron Microscopy. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 22(S3), pp.1088-1089. ifti, N.P. and Delialio?lu, ., 2016. Supporting students knowledge and skills in information technology security through a security portal. Information Development, 32(5), pp.1417-1427. Diatmika, I.W.B., Irianto, G. and Baridwan, Z., 2016. Determinants of Behavior Intention Of Accounting Information Systems Based Information Technology Acceptance. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(8). Dworkin, M.J., 2016. Recommendation for block cipher modes of operation: The CMAC mode for authentication. Special Publication (NIST SP)-800-38B. German, P., 2017. Organisations have latched on to the need to secure SIP trunking solutions by implementing a Session Border Controller (SBC). The problem is that the vast majority of SBCs are considered not just one-off investments but also one-off deployments. Yet from denial of service attacks to toll fraud, SIP trunking is not only inherently vulnerable, that vulnerability continues to change and escalate. Few... Network Security, 2017(1), pp.14-16. Hemphill, T.A. and Longstreet, P., 2016. Financial data breaches in the US retail economy: Restoring confidence in information technology security standards. Technology in Society, 44, pp.30-38. Lloyd, I., 2017. Information technology law. Oxford University Press. Lloyd, I., 2017. Information technology law. Oxford University Press. Lundberg, E., 2017. How to compete effectively with self-service technologies: The impact of technology readiness and the technology acceptance model on self-scanning. Meurant, G., 2016. KERMIT: a file transfer protocol. Elsevier. Nevo, S., Nevo, D. and Pinsonneault, A., 2016. A Temporally Situated Self-Agency Theory of Information Technology Reinvention. Mis Quarterly, 40(1). Ooi, K.B. and Tan, G.W.H., 2016. Mobile technology acceptance model: An investigation using mobile users to explore smartphone credit card. Expert Systems with Applications, 59, pp.33-46. Orlikowski, W.J., Walsham, G., Jones, M.R. and DeGross, J. eds., 2016. Information technology and changes in organizational work. Springer. Perlman, R., Kaufman, C. and Speciner, M., 2016. Network security: private communication in a public world. Pearson Education India. Reddy, N., Patrick, R. and Sridharan, D.K., Qualcomm Incorporated, 2016. Systems and methods for improved trivial file transfer protocol. U.S. Patent Application 15/167,789. Teo, T., 2016. Modelling Facebook usage among university students in Thailand: the role of emotional attachment in an extended technology acceptance model. Interactive Learning Environments, 24(4), pp.745-757. Trantopoulos, K., von Krogh, G., Wallin, M.W. and Woerter, M., 2017. External Knowledge and Information Technology: Implications for Process Innovation Performance. MIS Quarterly, 41(1), pp.287-300.

Understanding Globalization

Globalization can be defined as a means of advancing reliance by forming associations or integration within the people, companies, states or zones. These associations have impacted economic growth through progressiveexchange of commodities, services, skills, innovation, investments and populations (Beerkens, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Globalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Minimum barriers to trade and investment, reduced transport expenses and reduced costs of information technology are key elements that have contributed to an increase in globalization (Doole and Lowe, 2008). In order to experience economic growth firms should apply external business venturing strategies, develop their communication systems and improve organizational capacity. On the other hand organizations that are yet to adopt these strategies have not experienced as much financial gains (Levitt, 1983). Econo mic trends within international market contribute towards development and formation of alliances and partnerships amongst companies. Such alliances require detailed agreement between partners and also provision of quality products and services capable of meeting competitive standards within target markets (Levitt, 1983). Such trends drives company’s towards restructuring their strategies such as supply concepts and practices capable of addressing complex market demands. This makes integration across supply chains one of the main challenges facing general operations of companies within target markets. However, common customer needs across markets creates some level of uncertainty to firms since it decreases sales potential of a company’s product or services within such markets (Doole and Lowe, 2008). The case study discusses ‘Indesit Company’ which is a home appliances based venture started in 1975 after firms such as Electrolux, Bosch-Siemens and Whirlpool had already established their market in such similar trade. However the company did a remarkable job to catch up with its competitors. The firm was able to enter the market successfully and expand throughout Western Europe. Products and services should be dispatched to various market segments based on consumer needs. Success of any business venture within global market environment is determined by the level of satisfaction consumers are able to obtain from products supplied. Other ways of maximizing company’s customer base involves formation of partnerships and alliances which enables organizations to concentrate on their businesses as well as exploring new business avenues. This company was formed at a time when it was manufacturing a range of domestic appliances and owned oversees locations in Western European Markets. However, Vittorio soon acknowledged that the business locality disfavored his idea of innovative managerial practices and adoption of technology. He had to rely on external concepts to grow his business. He had received advanced skills in work ethics from his father and also acquired the latest means of production from his suppliers and consultants.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The firm developed progressively while facing the challenges of internationalization. Surprisingly they even survived the prevailing strong competition within the industry and still achieved growth that earned them their current position in the market. However, the company would later be challenged to either progress its mission to be Europe’s largest home appliances firm or to join in the global trade. They were also faced with the issue of analyzing the dilemma surrounding implementation of appropriate global business strategies, considering that some of their direct competitors already had a major global presence. The market risks within the global domain as described in this context could be posed by factors such as fluctuations in currency and political instability within some regions such as Middle East. After various acquisitions, Indesit had established its presence in most of Europe with an exception of Germany and Turkey. There was also poor performance in the Scandinavian zone. Even while trying to consider the option of going Global and that of maintaining their European Base, management through leadership of Milani could not ignore the absence of Indesit from Germany. The fact that there was no presence of Indesit in Germany was an advantage to its biggest competitor that enjoyed uninterrupted business in its domestic market. Whereas the biggest consumer of domestic appliances is United Kingdom, Germany had the largest population in Western Europe. The major challenge of Germany was that it was a super aggressive market that had the presence of well-established companies like Carrefour that catered for client s with a desire for German quality products. The market situation in Germany was defined as â€Å"a black hole† by the strategy director of Indesit Company, Giuseppi Salvucci. This was because of the impenetrable state of the market for foreign firms. He also included the Scandinavian and Turkish market in this category as it had little or no presence of Indesit. The best remedy for the German challenge would be to purchase a highly rated German brand. This is clearly evident from the market penetration strategy adopted by its competitor like Whirlpool. According to Beamish and Lupton (2009), companies stand a good chance of exploring other sales avenues, gaining expertise, acquiring new abilities and assets by practicing joint ventures. However it may prove difficult to administer the joint ventures owing to the ownership structure that may involve more than one institution. This could be used as a scope for Indesit expansion in Germany and a probable solution for the Scandi navian market as well.In the case of Turkey, initially the market growth played to the advantage of Indesit’s rapid progression, however, the growth and market presence of the local leading brand Arcelik was of no match to fast moving Indesit, since Arcelik was domestic market leader in home appliances products within Turkish market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Globalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to gain competitive strength in Turkey, Indesit would need tomake crucial marketing investments and probably the purchase of a domestic competitor with a reputable brand in order to connect with the local people (Doole and Lowe, 2008). There was a strong need to indulge in some kind of cooperation. It was still the opinion of Indesit’s director that the transformations being experienced in the market called for adaptation of a global business consideration. The company would then start an examination of the Chinese and Indian market to diversify their consumer base and increase global presence. Indesit acquired a dishwasher plant in China that earned them first-hand information about the Chinese market (Doole and Lowe, 2008). Diagnosing Industry Globalization Potential It is important for companies to organize their market channels and structures based on principles of globalization for success to be realized. In such a case it is necessary for companies to consider consumer needs both in local and international markets and utilize appropriate and effective channels capable of satisfying such needs. Several paradigms influences operations of channel structures some of which include; system flow paradigm, views on product categorization, relationship paradigm and use of power (Rosenbloom and Larsen, 2008). System flow paradigm represents processes and activities taking place within organizations in global markets. Such organizations and institutio ns operate under wholesalers, sales agents and retailers and form the necessary link channel between producers and consumers which is an important aspect within global marketing. The success of marketing strategies such as brand positioning depends on level of coordination and management of available channels of distribution. However, introduction of new technologies such as internet have improved levels of operations making it possible for consumers to transact business direct with producers without involving any intermediaries. Divergent view on product categories is also another factor which incorporates different perceptions accorded to particular goods by manufacturers and consumers. In this case, producers focus on efficiencies involved during production processes while consumers focus on the benefits that can be derived from using same products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Relationship Paradigm refers to associations existing amongst those involved in global business transactions. In such partnerships there are various effects such as conflict of goals, objectives and opinions amongst the suppliers, retailers and consumers. Such conflicts create some difficulties in the normal operations within distribution channels (Rosenbloom, 2007). In the year 2007, Western Europe markets were experiencing plenty of growth and there was also an increase in the number of bulk traders, which refers to companies dealing with manufacture and distribution of products in large quantities. As a matter of fact some of the small franchises were transforming themselves in order to achieve an international status. Firms like Wal-Mart and Carrefour had a presence in the United States, Europe respectively and also in Asia and all traded in appliances. The approach of the appliance franchises had an authoritative effect on the market and changed market trends. Clients encounter ed comparable packages that had relatively similar items or functions. Sales persons were depended upon to guide the clients to the available goods that would deliver beneficial transaction to both the vendor and sales person. While this remained to be the case, there appeared to be a shift in the European market in 2007. The demolition of the Berlin wall which was a considerate economic barrier between the West and East Germany extended the German market scope from Lisbon to Moscow. Having been the initial occupant of the said markets, Indesit had a first mover advantage thereby benefitting from its outstanding market stake. As a result of these expansions the management considered to effectively restructure its business practices to enable different roles by different groups or divisions. One group was focused on the struggle between established contenders in Western Europe and the other was to advance aggressively to encounter the potentials of Russian and former Soviet Union Mar kets. The approach was later to tailor by Marco Milani to offer discrete services. This divisional approach helped them effectively focus on the competitive challenges of each region of operation and expansion. Moreover, various strategies such as market research are implemented in the process of diagnosing industry globalization potential. The company modified its strategies for the purposes of providing separate organizations for Italy and United Kingdom. There is significant difference between mature and emerging markets depending on relative strength of various distribution channels such as wholesalers and retailers (Levitt, 1983). However, developing markets presents opportunities for development of strong brands based on the nature of product and the distribution channels used. For instance, Europe presents one of the largest markets for industrial goods hence accounted for over thirty percent of total global market share. The second largest market for industrial goods was Asi a also with market share of over 30%, followed with United States at approximately 22% and other markets of the world in combination providing up-to over 13%. However, market for home appliances as produced by Indesit was identified to be highly competitive in China despite the market being dominated by domestic brands. Building Global Market Participation There is necessity for companies to build their global marketing participation through integration of supply chain processes and creation of workable marketing strategies within each specified market environments. Such strategies require effective means through which costs of operations are reduced while improving customer service levels. Indesit Company faced problems in increasing scale and internalization due to its expansive operations within highly volatile global business environment. However, application of standardized technology within dynamic supply chain planning processes could assist in building quality supply chain o perations and ensuring efficiency across entire supply chain (Lovins et al., 1999). At the same time implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning systems, movement of information across organizations and the overall implication of standardization of business processes determine the extent to which Indesit could engage in supply chain integration. This is enabled through incorporation of automation and streamlining of various planning, scheduling and execution processes at wholesale and retailing levels within supply chain. At the same time the industrial marketplace is reformed through intensive inter-firm communications across regions, this is made possible through Integrated Marketing Communication Mix (IMC). These assisted in creation of efficient international markets through trade links. Moreover, incorporation of enterprise information infrastructure and intensive use of social media led to application of variety of supply chain optimization technologies. IMC comprises of bu siness processes capable of providing companies with necessary assistance in the process of building and reinforcing their relationships through communication. Efficient communication between companies, customers and stakeholders involves various aspects extending beyond application of traditional marketing communication tools such as use of word of mouth. This is the reason as to why multinational firms prefer the use of IMC within their business and marketing operations which enables them to reach targeted international market segments effectively within shortest time possible. IMC ensures that consumers receive up-dated and adequate information concerning company’s products and services within the market (Lindgreen and Finn, 2005). Designing Global Products and Services Indesit Company started with designing Europe’s home appliances and at the same time focused in building modern, progressive enterprise through massive investment in modern technology. The company sa w the need to tackle issues with products and services within Germany which included quality of products, improvement in sourcing and design efficiencies, re-balancing manufacturing locations and at the same time upgrading the company’s brand image. Indesit Company identified home appliance industry as one of the key turning points within the second industrial revolution. These included manufacturing of products such as refrigerators, electric and gas stoves, washing machines which marked significant point in the economic development of the company. Success of designed products and services within the market is fully dependent on process of naming and branding. Indesit Company made the process part of its regular activities done by marketing department within regions of operation. The naming of their products, services is aligned towards fulfilling some level of uniqueness including the market position of products. Branding a Company using globally recognized name makes it ea sier for consumers to identify with the specific category of their products and services (Doole and Lowe, 2008). The company has also considered presenting products in a language that can easily identify with global market environment. Indesit utilized the art of brand positioning for the purposes of solving marketing problems within Germany. This was done through acquisition of well-regarded German brand. Every region demanded unique product characteristics and delivery processes. However, Indesit brand became the core brand of the company and operated alongside four other brands such as Hotpoint, Scholtes, Stinol and Cannon. Since the knowledge about the brand plays an important role, major marketing investments were required to increase brand awareness. Also acquisition of locally based strong brand could be utilized in order to penetrate emerging markets with such new products and services. Home appliances required meaningful names structured from incorporation of such elements as color, symbol, and logotype (Larson and Lush, 1992). The success of Indesit’s brand can be attributed to the nature of brand language which comprises various communication elements. The strategy used by the company in branding their products and services within various European and Scandinavia regions involves verbal and visual components. The company’s nature on brand evolution aims at being attractive to various consumer categories as well as multiple cultures. This ultimately represents the best means of breaking existing communication barriers within market environment (Larson and Lush, 1992). Locating Global Activities The company kept on pushing forward and moving into other nations within former USSR. Most likely, its competitive advantage resulted into more profitable activities. According to Hopwood, Mellor and O’Brien (2005), the structure of industry associated with Indesit Company contributes towards the provision of innovative opportunities. Due to favorable structural attributes within the global market where Indesit operates, the firm has the capability of capturing significant market share. Structural attributes of the company within market includes factors such as, ease of entry to the market and the level of bargaining power (Hopwood et al., 2005). Resource-based view of the company considers the presence of many firms within the industry and therefore prefers dealing with diversified products having direct effect on the varying performance of the company. Therefore, firms that are operating based on high standards of marketing strategies benefits from such competitive advantages (Sharma and Vredenbrug, 1998). Market segmentation presents companies with the opportunity of satisfying specific consumer needs and desires. Some organizations implement successful marketing strategies which enables them take advantage of globalization hence gaining competitive advantage. Such strategies should encompass appropriate allocatio n of company’s resources enabling profit maximization within international market. However, nature of entry into emerging markets applied by multinationals determines to a large extent its impact on consumers and level of market penetration. Some markets are better penetrated through formation of joint ventures and alliances with domestic organizations. The situation could clearly be identified within Brazilian market where Electrolux and Bosch enjoyed larger percentage of the market. Such situations vary amongst countries. For instance, market for home appliances seems intensely concentrated within Latin America region, despite contributing significant amount of return on capital compared to other regions within global market. Creating Global Marketing One of the most important aspects in global marketing is the development of global brands having same characteristics in all markets. Nature of global branding plays an important role in advancing company products since it con tributes towards creation of company’s economies of scale and at the same time gives the company competitive global image. Large economies of scale at times prove profitable in the process of ascertaining and reducing operational costs within the marketplace (Alden et al, 1999). Application of unique global brand assists in development of company’s image hence making it easier use of specific advertising strategy acceptable internationally. Such procedures enables the company to reduce overall operational costs. At the same time, global brands are known of their ability to deliver quality products hence are considered trustworthy. However, before a brand attracts consumers within the global market there should be strong local support from domestic market based on quality delivery. However, research done on global advertisement revealed that success of an advertising campaign within domestic market may sometimes not necessarily deliver the same results within internatio nal market segments. Such results calls for extensive research on the level of effectiveness such advertising methods can deliver in some regions before company’s product and services are dispatched to such markets such differences are based on culture and beliefs. The company requires intensive advertising and promotion of its brand known as â€Å"Indesit†. Other brands included are; Hotpoint, Scholtes, Stinol and Cannon. However, the company at some point decided to drop all other brands and focused in marketing them under a single brand i.e. Indesit. Such oorganizations as Indesit use different promotional techniques to move their products and services into the market for the purposes of gaining stability within the market. The aim is to stimulate demand for a product and increase the sales volumes within the market (Magretta, 2002). Towards understanding the role promotions play in placing and positioning products in the market, Indesit Company attempts to analyse the impact of other companies on their product promotion techniques and the influence on market position of such products in the global market. Such marketing research is influenced by the knowledge that companies ideally use competitive promotional techniques for the purposes of gaining competitive advantage in the global market (Doole and Lowe, 2008). A typical example is where Indesit Company attempted to create awareness of its large pool of products through sponsorship activities and also partnering with companies that are already established within domestic target markets. Other strategy used involved investing a large portion of its profits in the past by sponsoring various activities. Making Global Competitive Moves Indesit Company faced some radical changes in order to conform to the nature of competition within global market. Major causes of such competition included application of modern technology and tension within global markets. Such occurrences have made the company to adjust and modify various aspects within its mode of operations for the purposes of satisfying consumer demand. Indesit adjusted its operational costs in order to cater for final pricing of its commodities within the market. Various market segments have different expectations some of which include; quality, affordable prices of commodities, nature of delivery, desire for customized services as well as flexibility amongst other factors (Rosenbloom and Larsen, 2008). Such considerations have ensured adequate changes within business strategies for the company. Indesit Company has undergone tremendous changes aimed at strengthening its presence within the global market such as strengthening its brand image through use of one umbrella brand name. Some of the changes aimed at increasing its competitive moves which included initiating and implementing appropriate communication mix and business models within various emerging markets. Such model incorporates different reporting structures enabling substituent companies and regions to communicate efficiently with company headquarters. Application of such business strategy enables the company to specialize in supplying various forms of home appliances and at the same time making use of decentralization of their activities (Doole and Lowe, 2008). This has well been utilized through formation of alliances and Joint Ventures with other companies (Beamish and Lupton, 2009). Moreover, the marketing strategies applied by the company have ensured efficient delivery of products to consumers. Conclusion Various challenges within the market made Indesit Company to significantly consider prices of products and services. This is since related products from other competitors were on the rise. This had a direct impact on the companies’ profit margins. However, most of the senior managers are recorded as continually tackling supply chain issues based on operational matters rather than strategic. Product and service supplies a re recorded as having increased operational costs experienced across board. Pressure exerted on the company products justifies their demand from consumers. This represents some level of wake-up call for the entire business based on increased costs incurred at the backbone of the business. Integration of all elements within supply chain is identified as most critical for the purposes of enabling sustainability as well as organic growth for the entire business. References Beamish, P Lupton, N. (2009). Managing joint ventures. Academy of Management, 5 (1): 75-94. Beerkens,  E. (2006).  Globalisation: Definitions and Perspectives. Web. Doole,  I., Lowe,  R. (2008).  International Marketing Strategy – Analysis, Development and Implementation. Web. Hopwood, B., Mellor, M., O’Brien, G. (2005).Sustainable Development: Mapping Different Approaches.Sustainable Development, (13): 38-52. Larson, P. D. Lusch, R. F. (1992). Functional integration in marketing channels: A Determinant of product quality and total cost, Journal of MarketingChannels, 2(1)1-28. Levitt, T. (1983). The globalization of markets. Harvard Business Review,  (6): 92-102 Lovins, A., Lovins, H., Hawken, P. (1999).A road-map for Natural Capitalism.  Harvard Business Review, 77(3): 145-158. Magretta, J. (2002). Why business models matter. Harvard Business Review, 22 (80):86-92. Rosenbloom B., (2007). Multi-Channel Strategy in Business-to-Business Markets: Prospects and Problems. Industrial Marketing Management, (1), 4-9. Rosenbloom B. Larsen T., (2008) .Wholesalers as global marketers.  Journal of Marketing Channels,15(1), 235-252. Sharma, S. Vredenbrug, H. (1998). Proactive corporate environmental strategy and The development of competitively valuable organizational capabilities. Strategic management journal, (19): 729-753. This essay on Understanding Globalization was written and submitted by user Jimena Stephenson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Hobbit Double Entry Journal Prompts free essay sample

Although the men keep alive old traditions in a new era, this quote symbolizes how the majority of things have changed in this world. This excerpt situates the dwarves in the present time frame where power has shifted to evil forces, how the dwarves lost control of their mountain city, and also how old legendary maps don’t so well in a new environment. The men never really experienced what it was like to live in a time where everyone and everything blended harmoniously. After reading this in the book, I immediately made a mental connection to a memory of the 6th grade. At the peak of the swine flu epidemic, my school started to administer vaccines to protect the students against the disease. I forgot to hand in a consent form to give them permission for a vaccine, so instead of getting a vaccine, I got the nasal mist in my nose. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hobbit Double Entry Journal Prompts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The nurse asked me what my favorite fruit was, and I replied â€Å"umm.. apples! † Not knowing what it was for, she made the thick goo they shot up my nose apple flavored. This was probably one of the weirdest feelings I have ever experienced. Just like Fili, I did not want to smell apples for a long time. This excerpt I picked reminds me of a part of the Odyssey. The specific part I am referencing to is the Suitors. After learning how expensive it is to have company over for an occasion, the connection I made between both pieces of literature only emphasizes this idea by giving more evidence. â€Å"Not at any rate until the songs have come true! † (Tolkien 186) â€Å"They beat on it, they thrust and pushed at it, they implored it to move, they spoke fragments of broken spells of opening, and nothing stirred. † (Tolkien 190) â€Å"Tomorrow begins the last week of autumn. Said Thorin one say. â€Å"And winter comes after autumn,† said Bifur. â€Å"And next year after that,† said Dwalin, â€Å"and our beards will grow till they hang down the cliff to the valley before anything happens here. † (Tolkien 193) I purposely picked this quote to talk about my reasoning of how these words relate to the current generation of music. There is little or no rate of songs that are produced today that stay true to the art of music. For starters, most songs today aren’t even made with â€Å"real† instruments. Secondly, almost all of the big time artists are auto-tuned. It isn’t the strongest reference I have made, but I just can’t stand how the stuff they call music is so greatly praised. As the group searches for the secret entrance Elrond has promised the dwarves based on the map, their failure to open the door foreshadows further struggle. The group will encounter more forms of resistance, because this isn’t even the worst part of their luck they have been blessed with. This quote also shows the much repeated theme of perseverance displayed throughout the novel. The excerpt I presented here shows how the race against time is presented for the crew. This is because they do not have forever to complete their tasks. Since they get agitated at how long parts of their quest take, it highlights qualities of the average Joe that they possess. They are not a group of godly, or immortal beings. We saw them cut down to size similarly when they were trapped by the wolves. â€Å"The most that can be said for the dwarves it this: they intended to pay Bilbo really handsomely for his services; they had brought him to do a nasty job for them. And they did not mind the poor little fellow doing it if he would: bit they would all have done their best to get him out of trouble, if he got into it† (Tolkien 196) I have absolutely no use for dragon-guarded treasures and the whole lot could stay here forever, if only I could wake up and find this beastly tunnel was my own front-hall at home† (Tolkien 198) â€Å"†¦but rising from the near side of the rocky floor there is a great glow. The glow of the Smaug! † (Tolkien 200) I ha d to chew this quote up a little bit and ponder upon it. A side of the dwarves that has not yet been shown is expressed here. I believe it is greed. The dwarves seem to be using Bilbo for his talents – which make up a good thief. There isn’t much to say about the dwarves if they used Bilbo all along as their scapegoat. Bilbo speaks for himself in this quote. He is not there to be someone’s tag along. He has a mind of his own and knows what is right and wrong. He also yearns for the safety and comfort of his own home when thrown into the midst of a sticky situation. I can say that Bilbo is a very convincing being. I specifically picked this quote because we have heard of the dragon throughout the whole book, but this is the first actual account we have about Bilbo’s encounter with the dragon – first hand. The dragon is pictured as any other dragon from a mythical tale would be. The first and most important trait being the dragon having firey breath. It is because of the dragon’s ability to promote havoc that gives the story an interesting outcome. â€Å"Now do be careful! † whispered the hobbit, â€Å"and as quiet as you can be! There may be no Smaug at the bottom, but then again, there may be† (Tolkien 215) â€Å"Suddenly Bilbo’s arm went towards it drawn by its enchantment. His small hand would not close about it, for it was a large and heavy gem; but he lifted it, shut his eyes and put it in his deepest pocket. (Tolkien 217) â€Å"Hear, hear! † cried Bilbo, and flung himself on the ground. In the rock-chamber there would have been room for a hundred and there was a small chamber in the back. There they laid out all of their burdens. †(Tolkien 224) I like this quote because it emphasizes Bilbo’s resourcefulness. He thinks through ever y possible consequence before he acts. This is a very useful trait to have, especially for someone that is on an adventure where one silly mistake can prove fatal. Acting so vigilantly will later prove fruitful for Bilbo. This is a substantial quote in a rather small chapter. Here we are introduced to the turning point of the story – the Arkenstone. This is just one of the few treasures Bilbo retrieves. The arkenstone is one of the main reasons Thorin set out to reclaim what was once his ancestors’. This quote also foreshadows Bilbo’s future resourcefulness. After reading the rest of the story, I noticed that the men start to reclaim what is theirs. It almost acts as a foreshadowing tool. The men, especially Thorin, know what’s rightfully theirs and how it has been taken from them. It will only be a matter of time before they find out if they can hold on to their newly conquered area. â€Å"The King beneath the Mountain! They shouted. His wealth is like the Sun, his silver like a fountain, his rivers golden run! The river is running gold from the Mountain! they cried, and everywhere windows were opening and feet were hurrying† (Tolkien 226) â€Å"Already men were jumping into the water on every side. Women and children were being huddled into laden boats in the market-pool. † (Tolkien 228) â€Å"Arrow! Said the bowman. â€Å"Black arrow! I have saved you for last. You have never failed me and always I have recovered you. I had you from my father and he from of old. If ever you came from the forges of the true king under the Mountain, go now and speed well! (Tolkien 229) I interpreted this quote as a great example of dramatic irony. The townspeople, who think the golden colored river in the distance is amassed wealth, are horribly wrong. The gold is in fact, a raging dragon ready to destroy everything in its sight. Everyone starts to cry cheers of joy, when they should be crying tears of sadness. From this quote, I perceived a very strong mental image. The quote shows the true wrath of the Smaug. At the time The Hobbit was written, 1930, women and children were put first in the event of a disaster. For example, in the movie Titanic, one could see how women and children were loaded onto life boats before men. Here in this quote, if men were the first ones to give up and jump into the water, no one had a chance at survival by far. There would be no one to help others get on their way to safety. This quote stresses the theme of tradition throughout the story. Because the arrow was handed down from generations of old, it had a much higher importance. The archer believed the arrow had more â€Å"experience† seeing more time in battle situations. It is also interesting to read about how much faith was invested into his last shot. This excerpt also sparks my curiosity as to how the archer talks to the lifeless arrow like an old friend. â€Å"Now we will return to Bilbo and the dwarves. All night one of them had watched, but when morning came they had not heard or seen any sign of danger. But ever more thickly the birds were gathering. Their companies came flying from the South; and the crows that still lives about the Mountain were wheeling and crying unceasingly above. † (Tolkien 234) â€Å"Hail Thorin! Why do you fence yourself like a robber in his hold? We are not yet foes, and we rejoice that you are alive beyond our hope. We came expecting to find non living here; yet now that we are met there is matter for a parley and a council. † (Tolkien 240) â€Å"The whole place still stinks of dragon,† he grumbled to himself, and it makes me sick. And cram is beginning simply to stick in my throat. † (Tolkien 243) I picked this quote to explain how the foreshadowing of Thorin reclaiming his ancestor’s mountain cabin wraps up. The dwarves are hiding out in the mountain, and now they will have to hold off against whoever feels obligated to collect the dragon’s treasures. As the narrator switches points of views, he pictures birds thickly gathering. When you see something abnormal occur in nature, you get a feeling something bad is about to happen. This picture Tolkien painted compelled me to keep on reading. Expecting the dwarves to be dead, the humans and their allies have come to claim the dragons’ treasures. The humans mean no harm to the dwarves, and once they find them there they suggest they should split the riches. Thorin, feeling all of it is his become very defensive and abruptly declines. This is the first time in the novel I found Thorin to be so bold in his actions. Considering they greet him with an overly-polite â€Å"Hail Thorin! †, I think he should have gave them a small share for slaying the dragon. Although I am not in the situation personally, I couldn’t say what I would suggest. After finally reaching what his whole journey was driven off of, he would need time to make a decision. I find quote humorous and ironic. Thus because Thorin wanted to remain close to his newly acquired treasures, and now he has to being that the mountain is besieged. Now, Thorin has had enough of the mountain when the fun just started. â€Å"Now the days passed slowly and wearily. Many of the dwarves spent their time piling and ordering the treasure; and now Thorin spike of the Arkenstone of Thrain, and bade them eagerly to look for it in every corner. † (Tolkien 244) â€Å"I am tired of stairs and stone passages. I would give a good deal for the feel of grass at my toes. I would give a good deal for the feel of strong drink in my throat, and for a soft bed after a good supper! † (Tolkien 246) â€Å"All in good time! † said Gandalf. â€Å"Things are drawing towards the end now, unless I am mistaken. There is an unpleasant time just in front of you; but keep your heart up! You may come through all right. There us news brewing that not even ravens have heard. Good night! † (Tolkien 249) This is one of my most favorite examples of dramatic irony I came across in the novel. Thorin is searching for the Arkenstone restlessly. What he doesn’t know is that Bilbo swiftly retrieved it on one of his first adventures into the mountain. At one point Bilbo gets worried after Thorin says he would put his life on the stone to get it back. Bilbo doesn’t want a conflict to erupt between the three races. The dramatic irony throughout this novel up to this point made it much more fun to read. Eventually Bilbo is tired of sticking it out in the mountain. He longs for him humble life so he takes matters into his own hands. Offering the Arkenstone, something so valuable to his expedition, to avoid conflict is something that was just in his nature. An action like this was very brave for him, but he knew what he needed to do. In this quote, Gandalf is congratulating Bilbo on a job well done, yet not to become complacent because it is not all over yet. I think that it is essential Gandalf appreciated Bilbo’s actions of bravery and how he carries out what he believes in with such finesse. Bilbo gets excited because of Gandalf’s compliments, and I felt happy for him. â€Å"By the beard of Durin! I wish I had Gandalf here! Curse him for his choice of you! May his beard wither! As for you I will throw you to the rocks! He cried and lifted Bilbo into his arms. Stay! Your wish is granted! † said a voice. The old man with the casket threw aside his hood and cloak. â€Å"Here is Gandalf! And none too soon it seems. If you don’t like my Burglar, please don’t damage him. Put him down, and listen first to what he has to say! † (Tolkien 250-251) â€Å"The Goblins are upon you ! Bolg of the North is coming, O Dain! Whose father you slew in Moria. Behold! The bats are above his army like a sea of locusts. † (Tolkien 255) â€Å"It was a terrible battle. The most dreadful of all Bilbo’s experiences, and the one which at the time he hated most. † (Tolkien 257) This quote that I picked only further emphasizes the fact that Gandalf’s and Bilbo’s views correspond with each other. Nothing bad can really result from a duo with supernatural powers and great resourcefulness. I also appreciate how Gandalf cuts Thorin down to size. I believe that the riches he sits upon got to his head and now he somewhat corrupt. In this part of the book, we are introduced to a new character, â€Å"Bolg of the North†. According to the book, Bolg is the son of Azog. This is very interesting because earlier in the book we learned Azog was the goblin who killed Thorin’s grandfather, Thror. This reminds me of the short story we read earlier in the year, The Interlopers, and how the hostility remained between the generations of family. This explanation of the battle given on the account of Bilbo really made me realize the degree of severity in which it occurred. If this was worse than Bilbo’s experience of being chased up a tree by wolves and then having it slowly burnt down with him stuck up there, then this battle must have been pretty bad. I would have to say it was by far Bilbo’s nightmare occurring in reality. â€Å"When Bilbo came to himself, he was literally by himself† (Tolkien 261) There indeed lay Thorin Oakenshield, wounded with many wounds, and his rent armour and notched ace were cast upon the floor. He looked up as Bilbo came beside him. â€Å"Farewell, good theif,† he said. I go now to the halls of waiting to sit beside my fathers, until the world is renewed. Since I leave now all gold and silver, and go where it is of little wo rth, I wish to part in friendship with you, and I would take back my words and deeds at the Gate. † (Tolkien 262) â€Å"So comes snow after fire, and even dragons have their ending! † said Bilbo, and he turned his back on his adventure. The Tookish part was getting very tired, and the Baggins was daily getting stronger. â€Å"I wish now only to be in my own armchair! † he said† (Tolkien 268) This statement, which opens up the 18th chapter, highlights the life of solitude Bilbo longed for the whole time he was away from his ascetic life. Tolkien shows how he was forced to cope by himself with no one there for him as they were either dead or in hiding. I felt a lot of sympathy here for Bilbo because he was always there to lend a hand to everyone else but in this instance, no one was there for him. Thrown in a much different situation, Thorin acts completely different towards Bilbo. Even though I disliked Thorin a lot since the beginning of the book, I looked at his character with a lot more respect after he parted by making amends with everyone – especially Bilbo. Bilbo definitely deserved an apology and I revere Thorin for delivering it. I noticed that as time went on in the book, Bilbo kept longing for his hobbit hole. Since his Tookish blood that has longed for adventure is now satisfied, he needs time to recover from everything he has seen and experienced. Now fueled and fired by the drive to get home, nothing is going to stop Bilbo. He is now a much stronger, wiser, and keen hobbit. â€Å"The dragon is withered, his bones are now crumbled; His armour is shivered, His splendor is humbled! Though sword shall be rusted, And throne and crown perish With strength that men trusted And wealth that they cherish, Here grass is still growing, And leaves are yet swinging, The white water flowing, And elves are yet singing Come! Tra-la-la-lally! Come back to the valley! † (Tolkien 269) â€Å"Bless Me! What’s going on? He cried. There was a great commotion and people of all sorts, respectable and unrespectable, were thick round the door, and many were going in and out – not even wiping their feet on the mat, as Bilbo noticed with annoyance. † (Tolkien 274) â€Å"Thank goodness! † said Bilbo laughing, and handed him the tobacco-jar. † (Tolkien 276) This excerpt, the elves being the speakers behind it, recite these lines in song. This quote shows how the slaying of the dragon and triumph over the goblins and Wargs not only positively affected Bilbo and the dwarves, but life in all of the lands. Because of their brave actions, everyone can now live much more peacefully. In this quote, Bilbo finally returns home. He’s been ‘round the world and back – literally – only to find his belongings are being auctioned off to strangers. If I was in Bilbo’s situation I would have probably gone berserk and thrown everyone out, one by one. I couldn’t even have imagined such a thing happening to Bilbo. If there was one thing I can see Bilbo caring about is his good ‘ol pipe and tobacco. These two items are the perfect combination to calm down and relax such a humble hobbit like Bilbo. I happy that at least his pride wasn’t stripped from him at his homecoming. Bilbo has returned at last.

New Capitalism by Peston

New Capitalism by Peston Introduction The lucid facts, logical ideas, mindboggling thoughts and authoritative opinions presented in Richard Sennett’s highly revered book of â€Å"New Capitalism† have been increasingly debated over the recent past based on their relevance in the modern day society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Capitalism by Peston specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A few economic bigwigs have been able to come out in opposition of thoughts presented in that book, while a whole lot of many others have strongly defended it. So what really is it about this book that makes it a bone of contention for economists, economy-oriented academicians and even scholars from other fundamental disciplines such as sociology? Preliminarily, the book coherently outlines the earlier forms of industrial capitalism in both public and private organizations and its global impacts. From that background, he then goes a mile further and circumspectly analyzes the current form of capitalism which he calls â€Å"New Capitalism† and explicates its diverse effects including: the progressively widening gap between the â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have-nots† in the society, the rise of a new influential capitalist group of people based on their timely positioning in the shifting economy, socio-political and economic traumas of those who constantly face oppression from actions by the elitist class in the society and finally, Sennett presents possible solutions and practical initiatives that can help bring reform to this derogative new form of capitalism (Sennett, 2006). It is based on these documentations by Sennett that this paper is going to explain the current socio-economic and political happenings as selectively reported by the media on the amassed consequences of â€Å"New Capitalism.† Main discussion The evolution of New Capitalism and its consequences Just a few decades ago, banks were co nsidered as invincible institutions that could never collapse. Their perceived strength for a long time is what essentially ensured that economies of countries stayed intact in spite of repeated global hiccups Stelzer (2008). But looking at the current situation, one can not help but feel awed- if not sympathetic- at their rate of collapses which have in turn led to the tumbling of governments. This is the exact scenario that Sennett (2006) had forecasted, and many more sociopolitical happenings are further getting confirmed by the day. A recent expansively written article by BBC’s renowned writer Robert Peston in December 2008, clearly highlights how the dawn of the New Capitalism is adversely affecting Britain, USA and the world at large- and how the already grim situation can get grimmer if reformative steps are not taken. His article is primarily going to be the basis of analyzing and ascertaining projections by Sennett (2006).Advertising Looking for essay on busi ness economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To begin with, many researchers observe that the current economic challenges that are being faced globally are principally because of them getting into huge debts. To this effect, Peston (2008, p.1) says that: We borrowed too much, especially in the US and the UK. And the process of paying the money back is not only leading to a fall in living standards but is also precipitating very significant changes in how the global financial economy operates. He goes ahead and cites that the most affected parties in this issue of borrowing are households and corporate institutions. And based on the fact that so much of the economy is controlled by these two parties, the resulting economic impact is devastating. Sennett (2006) explains this situation by saying that in the New Capitalism- which we are in fact already experiencing; societies will be enticed into taking huge debts by the cal culative money managers. Once this is done, the lenders will come to ask for their money when you least expect it. And if you can not pay it back, they will freeze your assets and booming businesses thus getting even more benefits than what should. This is the typical scenario that Peston is explicating above. Peston (2008, p.1) further preempts that the â€Å"Economic conditions in 2009 will be treacherous. Therell be a formal recession in most developed economies, and the economic contraction is highly likely to be more severe in the UK than almost anywhere.† And as we now know, most of the high performing and well-to-do economic countries have been on a downward spiral with the USA and UK being the most affected (Stelzer, 2008). According to Sennett (2006), this economic meltdown and economic tumbling further presents an opportunity for the rise of capitalists’ states that had foreseen this scenario ages ago and socio-economically aligned themselves accordingly. A g ood example is China who, according to Peston (2008, p.2), have been saving over the past decade as a country and as individuals. He additionally states that the Chinese have also been increasingly industrious over the past few years making viable (yet cheap) products, which are in turn exported to the USA and Britain. Then unknowingly, we borrow money from clever bankers who saved their money (or at times, from moneys that our governments borrowed from countries like China) in order to buy these goods. As a result, China and these few bankers keep on progressing financially while our nations continue spiraling downwards. Essentially, this is what Sennett means when he says that â€Å"the rich will keep on getting richer while the poor ones get poorer† (p.6).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Capitalism by Peston specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, Stelzer (2008) and Peston (2008, p.1 and p.6) assert that the new age capitalism has resulted in higher numbers of unemployment. Peston (2008) equates this numbers to â€Å"The extraordinary volatility weve experienced in the price of sterling, commodities, energy, shares and capital which makes it so hard for businesses and investors to plan.† (p.1). He then collectively alludes that the remaining unemployment figures are as a result of tight budgets in economies which is making companies streamline their expenditure through cutting down of jobs (p.5-6). To this effect, Sennett (2006) says that the cutting down of jobs will only affect the tumbling economies and not those capitalist societies that had anticipated the socio-economic shake up. Again, this is the reason why China and India have been recently reported to have increased employment rates (Stelzer, 2008). Interestingly and sadly, this new brand of capitalism is making most governments use the common man as their financial cushion- when in real sense, it should be t he opposite. Accordingly, Peston (2008, p.3) notes that this â€Å"oppression† to the common man is comes in form of over-taxation and the reduction of support-funds. The money realized from the taxes are then used by the governments to try resuscitating the, seemingly, dying financial powerhouses like banks, state corporations, privately state owned investments among many others. As for the reduction in funds, this is simply meant to cut on the expenditure by banks and other donor organizations so that the money can be ploughed into other revenue-generating projects. According to Sennett (2006), this poses a great challenge to the â€Å"modern man† who has grown up relying on such funds. Consequently, the withdrawal or reduction of the funds leads to impoverishment of this people which further opens a door for a vista of detrimental effects like: low economic output, poor healthcare and in some cases, untimely deaths which wholesomely plunges these economies even more . In relations to the above point, Peston (2008, p.3) observes that once the banks have started facing problems, most money managers withdraw their moneys from banks and, in most cases, invest them in overseas countries or bank them in offshore accounts. This eventually leaves their native bank with no money to conduct its business. And as we all know, this cumulatively impacts negatively on the country’s socioeconomic and political setup (Sennett, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Notably important, Peston (2008, p.1) says that â€Å"For many years to come, whats happening will affect the relationship between business and government, between taxpayers and the private sector, between employers and employees, between investors and companies.† This is a trivially bad circumstance to end up in- based on the much we have witnessed so far. It is therefore important that we not only look at the consequences of the New Capitalism, but go a step further and show how we can curb or if possible, ultimately stop its negative effects. In doing so, we must first inherently establish its root causes (things that have contributed to it), then from here; we can get to uproot them and cultivate a new environment that nurtures positivity by offering possible solutions. So what/who is responsible for this perilous situation we are in? Contributing factors to the consequences of New Capitalism With regards to what/who is responsible for our current New Capitalism predicame nt, Peston (2008, p.5) says that â€Å"We’re all at fault to varying degrees.† Whether knowingly or unknowingly; we all have, in one way or another, contributed to the dilemma we are in. Starting with the government, Peston (2008, p.5) reports that â€Å"The authorities in the US and the UK were aware of the dangers of allowing the financial and trade deficits with China and other exporting nations to persist† but instead of correcting it through proper regulation of taxation and interest rates to reduce increased consumption; they chose to keep quiet thus landing us in our current quandary. Additionally, Peston (2008, p.5) says that the general public partly got themselves into the mess that they are in. Instead of questioning the ramifications of the colossal hedge funds and private booms of 2007 which were given at absurdly cheap terms; they blindly signed the dotted line and partook of the funds. As at now, most of them are still struggling with repaying tha t, when they would have simply avoided it in the first place. As for the banks’ role in the devastating implications of New Capitalism, Peston (2005, p.5) expressively notes that: A corollary of precisely this complacency was that central banks, such as the Bank of England, were hopelessly wrong in believing that the explosive growth of credit and the surge in the price of assets such as houses was somehow hermetically sealed from the rest of the economy, such that it wouldn’t damage everything when the bubble was finally popped. As we now know, the growth of credits was a porous plan that negatively impacted and still continues to devastate Britain’s economy. To make matters worse, Peston (2008, p.5) observes that: Regulators were negligent in allowing the creation of what’s become known as a shadow banking system, in which trillions of pounds of long term loans in the western economies were financed with credit that could be withdrawn far too quickly. A s a result, there was no fall back or something to adhesively hold the economy once financial shake-ups began hitting hard. Finally, Peston (2008, p.5) blames the media for agenda setting a platform for the negative growth of New Capitalism by ignoring to play the â€Å"watchdog role† and warning the world about this predicament. The way forward- possible solutions Of course banks and the government played a bigger role in getting us in this dangerous situation we are in; but going around negatively trumpeting each others’ names and pointing judgmental fingers to one another will not help us. So what is the way forward for Britain, USA and other parts of the world as well? Firstly, Zhou Xiaochuan’s sentiments that the US should take a leading role and adjust its policies, reduce fiscal deficits and increase its saving ratios since it is the world’s superpower; can be a good start (Peston, 2008, p.2). Factors like the heavy debts by the US and the falling down of prices might inhibit this, but in overall it is a venture worth trying (p.4-6). Peston (2008, p.5) just like Sennett (2006) say that massive printing of money can also help reducing debt. However, this should be done sparingly and cautiously to avoid high inflation like the renowned case of Zimbabwe. Personally, I think that the creation of more investment avenues for those at the grassroots of the society can also offer a good balance in the spread of resources thus reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. Once equilibrium is reached, the society is bound to progress as an entity and in-turn, having a positive socioeconomic impact on a global scale. This, among many other fundamental solutions, not stated, can be of invaluable help. Conclusion In finality, it is inevitable to note that New Capitalism is not an entirely bad thing. China, India, Japan, Saudi and other increasingly growing economies are typical examples to ascertain that (Peston, 2008, p.2). Additionall y, the increased networking and cooperation among various countries has been able to open up more trading avenues for investors to spread their financial tentacles. All we have to do is positively learn from our mistakes and forge ahead rather than just sitting down and blaming ourselves over past things that we can not change. References Peston, R. (2008) The New Capitalism. BBC News Web. Sennett, R. (2006) The Culture of the New Capitalism. London: Yale University Press. Stelzer, I. M. (2008) New Capitalism: Market capitalism in the United States will never be the same. Weekly Standard Web.

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Abortion In Natural Moral Law And Utilitarian Ethics Philosophy Essay

Abortion In Natural Moral Law And Utilitarian Ethics Philosophy Essay The current ethical issue of abortion is a broad and complex ethical issue which can be approached from many moral and ethical directions. Two such directions can be the deontological Natural Moral Law and the teleological or consequentialist Utilitarian ethics. Abortion, from the Latin aborior, to pass away, is an induced termination of a pregnancy. Historically, as today, an abortion is the focal point of much controversy. The laws governing abortion have changed considerably in the last fifty years to accommodate abortion as an option for a pregnant woman. A landmark US case giving a mother right to wilful abortion occurred in 1973 set in motion by a woman called Jane Roe in Dallas, Texas. Roe wished to terminate her pregnancy, but in Texas at the time, only victims of rape or incest could procure a legal abortion. The case reached the Supreme Court where the judges ruled that abortion was a constitutional right to women, overturning laws in every state which denied abortion to women through medically qualified doctors. Abortion is now legally allowed in many western countries for women. Since the legality of abortions came into effect, much debate has occurred from opposite so called pro-choice and pro-life groups, gathering many argumen ts from both deontological and teleological ethics. Utilitarianism  is the idea that the  moral worth  of an action is determined solely by its contribution to overall  utility: that is, its contribution to happiness or pleasure as summed among all people.  [1]   Utilitarianism places no emphasis on whether an action is right or wrong, right is only so once the pleasure has been decided to outweigh the pain in the circumstances resulting from the decision. Pleasure, in early Utilitarian thinking, was only concerned with the physical, e.g. being well fed. John Stuart Mill later argued that pleasure was also quantifiable in intellectual and spiritual terms. These higher pleasures he argued outweighed the lower pleasures. Mill proposed, for example being well fed, at the expense of a mans spirituality was a lesser pleasure, and in effect, not as right as a spiritually enlightened man who was hungry. The hungry man experiences higher pleasure, as spiritual enlightenment lasts significantly longer than the feeling of being well fed. Consequentialist Utilitarians would argue that abortion is an entirely neutral act. The consequences resulting from the abortion determine the rightness. A specific system of measuring the pleasure against pain can be utilised called Hedonic Calculus. Hedonic Calculus first proposed by Jeremy Bentham, measures pleasure/pain through eight categories: Certainty Duration Extent   Intensity   Remoteness   Richness Purity  [2]   This calculus subjectively determines if the pain outweighs the pleasure in a scenario of a potential abortion. A mother may need an abortion to save her own life if it is in peril due to her pregnancy, she cannot afford to leave her children motherless. This scenario, shown through Hedonic Calculus allows abortion to be the right choice as 1. There is a high certainty the mother will die, 2. The duration of mourning for the family would be very long as would the duration of risk to her other children, 3. The pain and suffering for her surviving family would be very great and so on. A different scenario in which the mother seeks an abortion so she can go on a holiday would be morally wrong as from categories: 2. the pleasure of a child will last years compared to that of a comparatively short holiday, 4. 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Thomas Aquinas, a figurehead for natural moral law proposed five primary precepts and other secondary precepts. The primary precepts proposed where: The continuation of the species through procreation The education of children The desire to live in society The worship of God The preservation of the self These precepts are considered in natural moral law to be the most basic aspirations of all humans. Aquinas believed that all humans wished to do good and follow the precepts but through ignorance to the Natural Moral Law, some could do wrong. Aquinas argued that good ethical decisions could be arrived at by reason alone. Humans have the power of deducing what is good and what is wrong through application of their conscience. Natural Law, being deontological, imposes inalienable rules that cannot be broken. Natural Law can be seen as order provided by nature which exists for a purpose. A common criticism of Utilitarianism would be the difficulty of its real world application. The theory of a decision may be morally sound, but the limitless unexpected permutations prevent proper ethical conduct from occurring once theory is put to practice. The Tribunal of the Holy Office, a catholic authority was once queried on the 4th of May, 1898 as to whether a foetus was allowed to be removed from its womb before natural course did so. The tribunal resolved that there was no exception to natural birth, even inducing premature labour with the intention of saving the babys life. However, if life saving surgery were to be performed on the mother, which would have consequences on the growing foetus, it should not be maintained that the fetal(sic)  life  is thereby directly attacked. The  evil  is not made a means to obtain the  good  effect; for this would be to do  evil  that  good  might come of it.  [4]   This fulfils the Natural Law requirement of the act of being good as separate from the concept of doing good. To be morally correct, one must not embark on a course of action which is right purely to obtain an evil or vain end. The right must be to cause neutral or correct consequences. This certainty of rules and moral action allows the system of Natural Law to be an unquestionable authority if placed alongside Utilitarian ethics which are in permanent flux. The Catholic Church supports the notion of ensoulment, where at conception a foetus is given a soul by God. A soul is viewed as a separate form to the physical body, but is linked inextricably until death. The act of abortion goes against the first precept of Natural Law, denying the continuation of the species through abortion. Even if that abortion would lead to saving a life, the authority to kill a foetus does not rest in humans hands. It is inhumane to end the life of a baby, as natural law theory holds;  one may never directly intend to kill an innocent human being  [5]  . After conception, Natural Law argues that the foetus is human so is equal in right to life as its mother. There is no greater worth placed on the mother living than the child as both are considered equal. Utilitarianism would argue against the inflexibility of the rules of Natural Law regarding to the preservation of a childs life. Utilitarians would argue that greater suffering may be caused by the preservation of a foetus life. The mother of the child may be a chronic drug addict, and the chances of the baby growing up disadvantaged are high. It could be argued that the mother may not be fit to care for a child and the child would suffer a hard life, through mal-parenting and possible separation from the mother in later years. A possible course of action would be a wilful abortion by the mother to prevent suffering of a child. The rigidity of Natural Law allows no exceptions to be made, even if the pleasure resulting from an abortion vastly outweighs the pain. This rigidity of laws could cause unnecessary harm to many people. Correct decision making can stem from both deontological and consequentialist ethics. While Natural Moral Law argues that the laws of nature are absolute, Utilitarianism argues that no laws constantly serve the greatest good, and only through flexibility can good be achieved. The primary precepts of Natural Law indicate clearly that abortion is wrong so far as the taking of an innocent life, and interrupting the natural result of procreation. Utilitarianism states that abortion, like all actions is an entirely neutral act until the consequences are evaluated. Both ethical systems allow an opportunity for an individual to formulate an understanding of, and ethically right decision on abortion.