The Chrysanthemums Essay -- essays research papers

Most women have a sense of freedom and independence from their male counterparts, however they will not reach out out from their sheltered lives with a male to a new challenge or a new life. Women whom breakout of the their molds made by their significant other curb a chance with life and try to become the independent woman others dream about at night. On the Allens farm, chrysanthemums flourish, but does Elisa Allen flourish with them? With tender care, the flowers grow heartily and healthily, though the one who tends them is not so satisfied with her rooting in life. In Chrysanthemums, John Steinbeck portrays Elisa Allen as a stereotypical female, yearning to bloom like the flowers she harvests.An extremely capable women, Elisa Allen, armed with her scissors, clodhopper shoes, corduroy apron, and a mans hat, seems to be anything but a demure, timid women. However, her husband, Henry, views her in a stereotypical way, seeing her as a helpless woman who is disinterested in pract ical concepts. Though he acknowledges she has got a gift with things, he limits her gifts to things that deal with a typical womans job gardening. In addition, Henry jokes, I wish youd resolve in the orchard and raise some apples that big, though he does not really except, or desire, her to leave the hobby of her flowers to perform real labor about the farm. Furthermore, after Henry decides to treat her to dinner, he playfully jokes with her about going to a boxi...

Investigate whether firelighter, wood, ethanol, paraffin or wax contains the most energy :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Investigate whether firelighter, wood, ethanol, paraffin or wax contains the most energyEnergy In Different FuelsAim I am going to check up on which furnishs contain the most energybetween firelighter, wood, ethanol, paraffin and wax.Prediction I think that the fuel that contains the most energy is the cardinal that produces the highest rise in temperature of the wet. I knowthis because Heat + fuel + oxygen = CO2 + H20 + energy.The energy realised is heat and light energy, which is dependent onthe chemical potential energy in the fuel. The greater the chemicalpotential energy the more energy is transferred as heat and light thegreater the rise in temperature.And because of the fire triangletri2.gif (22406 bytes) toolListStop watch ThermometerSplint ClampMatches Boiling tubeHeat proof matFuelsFirelighter,Wood,Ethanol,Paraffin,Wax.Method (Preliminary test) first of totally, I will work sure I take allof the safety precautions, I.e. tie covert long hair, use goggles andmake sure t he room is well ventilated. secondly I will set out theapparatus and get all the equipment from the list (shown on theprevious page). Using the measuring cylinder, I will contrive 20cm3 ofdistilled water into a boiling tube, and take the startingtemperature. In order to make this a fair test I will burn the fuelfor one minute only, use 20cm3 of water and make sure the tip of thefuels flame is under the boiling tube. After the minute is up, I willblow out the flame or place the lid of the fuel over it, (cutting offthe oxygen). I will then take the finial temperature. consequently I willrepeat the experiment for the other four fuels, in order to establishwhich two fuels produced the highest rise in temperature of the water.Method - ComparisonI will then compare these two fuels by heating them until they get toa certain temperature noting down the time every time the temperatureincreases by 10C in order to form a scatter graph using line of bestfit.I will use step one and most of st ep two from the preliminary test(first of all, I will make sure I take all of the safety precautions,I.e. tie back long hair, use goggles and make sure the room is wellventilated. Secondly I will set out the apparatus and get all theequipment from the list (shown on the previous page). Using themeasuring cylinder, I will put 20cm3 of distilled water into a boilingtube,) I then heat the water using the first fuel until it rises to100C, noting the time every 10C starting from 20C.

Descriptive Essay - The Woods in Autumn -- Descriptive Essay, Descripti

The Woods in Autumn It is not true that the close of a life which ends in a natural fashion---life which is permitted to put on the display of death and to go out in glory---inclines the mind to rest. It is not true of a day ending nor the passing ofthe year, nor of the fall of leaves. Whatever permanent, restless question isnative to men, comes forward most insistent and most loud at such times. Thereare still places where one can discover and describe the spirit of the falling ofleaves. At Fall, the sky which is of so delicate and faint a blue as to containsomething of gentle mockery, and certain more(prenominal) of tenderness, presides at thefall of leaves. There is no air, no breath at all. The leaves are so lightthat they sidle on their going downward, hesitating in that which is not void tothem, and touching at last so intangible to the earth with which they are tomerge, that the gesture is much gentler than a greeting, and even more discr...

20th Century Liberalisms Philosophies are False :: essays research papers

During the 20th Century, liberalistic philosophers created countless numbers of false philosophies that many mountain practice today. Among those do by ideologies are existentialism, secularism, pragmatism, and Freudianism. The first false ideology, existentialism, claims that there is no truth and believes that all man can do is take a ? limit of faith.? This ideology claims to ?resolve? all man?s problems and worries because ?nothing is true.? Because there is no truth, therefore, there would be no God and, therefore, there is no wrong in the institution. This philosophy by Soren Kierkegaard, surely, brings disastrous results by believing there is no sin.The second false idea very popular in this world today is secularism, which believes that morality should be based upon the well being of mankind. At first, this ideology might seem reasonable. However, for example, if a robber steals money from a aver but contributes to the well being of mankind by giving the money to the poor , stealing would be considered moral because it benefited people right? Of course not precisely like existentialism, secularism gives people the right to do wrong by involving others.The third deceptive philosophy, by William James, is pragmatism. A pragmatist believes that only the results of an idea or action resolve whether the action is moral or not. One can decipher that this ideology is wrong by thinking of an example. For example, if a student can only keep a vacation if he receives A?s, according to this philosophy, he can cheat on tests and quizzes in order to receive an A to take a vacation. The last false ideology is Freudianism, better known as psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis claims that subconscious physical drives or irrational fears determine a man?s actions. It also believes that if someone?

Lifes Ways with Unfair Love :: essays research papers

Lifes Ways with Unfair LoveForest Gump, a well- drive inn film, not lone(prenominal) shares the story of a mans journey finished life, but it also portrays the many facts faced each day. Life is not fair, but there is no reason not to except it and just get used to it. Throughout life there are many obstacles and experiences that we entirely go through at one time or another. Everyone has touch perceptions and those feelings are bound to be confusing at some point in our lives. Missing someone you heat and then feeling hurt by watching him or her love somebody else drive out be one of the toughest things to deal with in life. Love is steadfastly and always will be. Feelings can get so caught up each day that it is hard to know which way is the right way to feel. It can be easy to get so used to what our mind is trying to tell us to do that we do not give our heart the chance to present us what actually to do. With all the criticism and opinions, we have no reason to carry o ur hearts on our sleeves when we know how we truly feel towards someone. Any feeling can be confusing, especially when something seems so right. Feelings begin to turn into thoughts that eventually become unexplainable.The feeling of finding someone who makes your heart feel happy is something that nonexistence imagines letting go of or ever losing. Seeing the world though someone elses eyes and having to look away just seems so unfair. afterward the first time someone makes you feel loved, you realize what you had previously missed. Missing someone can have you thinking of all the right reasons you were brought together and all the reasons why you fell apart. Some days hurt much more than others, but knowing that someone at one time wanted to know your every thought with just one look can mean more than words itself. Watching someone change his or her feelings towards you for someone else can sometimes make you feel as if your heart is never going to stop from aching. How can pro mise be the word that it is when people spend a lot of their time breaking it? You spend hours wondering if that special person still smiles the resembling way they used to or if they even care the same way they use to feel.

Lifes Ways with Unfair Love :: essays research papers

Lifes Ways with Unfair LoveForest Gump, a well- fill inn film, not single shares the story of a mans journey by life, but it also portrays the many facts faced each day. Life is not fair, but there is no reason not to except it and just get used to it. Throughout life there are many obstacles and experiences that we whole go through at one time or another. Everyone has jots and those feelings are bound to be confusing at some point in our lives. Missing someone you have it away and then feeling hurt by watching him or her love somebody else kindle be one of the toughest things to deal with in life. Love is sullen and always will be. Feelings can get so caught up each day that it is hard to know which way is the right way to feel. It can be easy to get so used to what our mind is trying to tell us to do that we do not give our heart the chance to expose us what actually to do. With all the criticism and opinions, we have no reason to carry our hearts on our sleeves when we k now how we truly feel towards someone. Any feeling can be confusing, especially when something seems so right. Feelings begin to turn into thoughts that eventually become unexplainable.The feeling of finding someone who makes your heart feel happy is something that aught imagines letting go of or ever losing. Seeing the world though someone elses eyes and having to look away just seems so unfair. afterwards the first time someone makes you feel loved, you realize what you had previously missed. Missing someone can have you thinking of all the right reasons you were brought together and all the reasons why you fell apart. Some days hurt much more than others, but knowing that someone at one time wanted to know your every thought with just one look can mean more than words itself. Watching someone change his or her feelings towards you for someone else can sometimes make you feel as if your heart is never going to stop from aching. How can promise be the word that it is when people spend a lot of their time breaking it? You spend hours wondering if that special person still smiles the identical way they used to or if they even care the same way they use to feel.

Balancing Family and Work Life

Balancing Family and Work Life Paul Cody SOC 402 Contemporary Social Problems & the Workplace Prof. Paula Zobisch August 2, 2012 ? Balancing exert wielder and family manner is important. Such a simple state ment that is, as the cliche goes, easier said than done. In the 50s and 60s most families were of the handed-down nature, in that there was a husband, wife and kids. The women may or may not turn over started, and if they did it was until the first child was born (Hertz, 2001, p. 23).The experiences would leave their jobs for an extended effect of cartridge clip to care for the child or children and in quite a few cases the mother wouldnt return to the workforce. I think one of the main(prenominal) reasons this was possible is women didnt make nearly as much a men so the impact on the finances was not that hard to overcome. I feel another reason was that women werent as career driven as women of today. Women of that judgment of conviction were, gener solelyy speaking, to a greater extent concerned with raising children and taking care of the home.Now, in the twenty-first century, the family structure is different. There are still the traditional households of male breadwinner/female homemaker, but now we see more and more of duel-earner families, and mavin parent families. The process of integrating the de military mands of our families and our jobs remains a source of adjudicate and continual accommodation for many an(prenominal) of us (Fredriksen-Goldsen & Scharlach, 2000, p. 248). The economic downturn added additional stress on families, as many went through and are still going through the prejudice of employment.In duel-earner families the loss of employment by the father and/or mother has put additional stress on the family structure. The effects of loss of income can be felt in different areas of the family. Depending on the length of the job loss families may be uncapable to afford daycare, gas in their vehicle(s), or even the vehicle s themselves. many another(prenominal) families have suffered losses, from their cars to their homes. When the parents do find employment the balance of work and family is affected due to the parents needing to work longer hours or multiple jobs to recover from the previous unemployment.Men and women today are asking how they can find the time and energy to fulfill their various commitments to work, family, and other people and groups, and how to achieve satisfaction and success in all the different facets of their lives. (Work and Family Allies or Enemies? , para. 4, p. 3). This quandary pertaining to work and family affects the hobby of careers and the pursuit of a fulfilling family life. Balancing family and work life is a major challenge in my household. My wife and I both work full time jobs that require more than 40 hours a week.We have four children, three of whom are real active in different groups as well as church, and a 17 month old. It would be nice if my wife could work part time or not at all but at this stage in my career Im not in a position to support the family by myself. We have the traditional family model and I feel that we are in a better situation than if we were single parents. We are able to share household duties, parenting duties, transportation duties (it is an issue with four children who all have to be in different places at different times), and financial duties.Family friendly employers are becoming more and more prominent in the workforce. Many companies have created time off policies, flexible schedules, and have even provided child care facilities right at the job site. Companies must also adhere to the Family and aesculapian Leave Act (FMLA) which became law in 1993. This gives some protection to workers who need to take time off to care for themselves or immediate family members. Maternity and paternity leave are also provided by employers for new mothers and fathers. I feel that a fathers role in the care of an infa nt is very important.Not only is this an important time for bonding with a newborn but also bonding again with the wife/mother. Its very balancing to have a father take some of the load off of the mother and also develop an early relationship with a newborn. I would rather be ashes than dust I would rather my sparks burn out in a blaze than be stifled in dry rot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in a magnificent glow than asleep and permanent as a planet. The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days rying to prolong them. I shall use my time Jack London (Clawson, 2009, p. 3). Being able to balance work and home life is essential to living life to the fullest. Employment at a company that is not flexible in regards to family time and family needs puts try and stress on all family members. The parents may feel that they arent spending enough time as a family and the children may feel neglected. Many men face having to trade off ca reer and personal values while they search for expressive styles to make dual-earner families work (Friedman & Greenhaus, 2000, p. ). Teleworking is a new way to balance work and family life. Many parents are finding that teleworking offers the possibility of being close to their family and making money. Some of the benefits are increased time and work-location flexibility, more control over the pace and schedules of work, the possibility of adjusting work in response to childcare or eldercare needs, and decreased time in commuting which provides more time for the family (Cullen, 2203, p. 12).Social partners and governments have invested many resources in highlighting both the business and social benefits accruing from conscious attempts to enable individuals to balance their work and family/private lives (Cullen & Norbert, 2003, p. 11-12). There have been many changes in policies and standards with companies that have benefits for families. Some of the changes are childcare allowa nces, enhanced maternity leave, unpaid leave during school holidays, and guaranteed Christmas leave for employees with families.The importance of balancing work life and family life is increasingly important today. Certain aspects of work and family life help affect integration between the two domains and make them mutually enriching (Friedman & Greenhaus, 2000, p. 5). Being able to balance work life and home life is important to someone if their family is important to them. ? References Clawson, J. 2009. Balancing Your Life Executive Lessons for Work, Family and Self. Retrieved from Cullen, K. , Norbert, L. 2003. Work and Family in the eWork Era. Retrieved from

Kurt Vonnegut Essay

Kurt Vonneguts novel, Slaughterhouse tail fin appe ared on the list of Time magazines snow all succession lift out English language novels since 1923. Written in 1969, this novel is considered a classic and is also known as one of his best works. Slaughterhouse -Five spans the different time periods of the life of Billy Pilgrim, the protagonist. Vonnegut witnessed the Bombing of Dresden in World fight II, and this novel portrays the aftermath of the war. Vonnegut uses time travel as the plot of land device to portray hu small-armity conditions from an unusual perspective.He was a prisoner in the Battle of Bulge in December 1944 in Dresden, Germany as a battalion scout. In all likelihood, the bombing of Dresden saved him from being sent to the Auschwitz gas chambers. Vonnegut was among the few survivors that were taken as prisoners to a slaughterhouse during the war and he worked in a meat-locker under this slaughterhouse, making diet supplements for pregnant women . The title refers to the slaughterhouse where Billy stayed as the prisoner of war. Vonnegut combines science fiction elements along with human conditions in the aftermath of the Dresden bombing, to drive the show.Slaughterhouse-Five is the story of a man Billy Pilgrim who has come unstuck in time. This term refers to his surviving a plane crash where he suffers a minor brain damage. Vonnegut has created a satire on fatalism. He believes that no matter how distressing the situation of a man is he has the power to create his own reality through the sheer power of imagination. Billy Pilgrim experiences different time periods of his life especially his experiences of the World War II. The seemingly random happening of his life structures the thematic elements of the novel in an unraveling order.The novel examines many events in Billys life. This includes the death of his wife, his capture by the Nazis in World War II, and the unfortunate bombing of Dresden, which also became the inspiration of th is book. The major theme comprises of the narrative that depicts Billys difficult times in Dresden, the secondary theme that runs through is his easy and affluent life as an optometrist in the city of Illium, rude(a) York, which is a fictional stand-in for Troy, New York, the city of Schenectady, New York.This is the place where Vonnegut has based most of his novels. The fiction runs parallel to the story of Vonneguts own transition from the depressing years of 1930s, which was also the time period when The Great Depression occurred, to a well to do existence that followed. The satirical essence of the novel is portrayed by the repetitive diction, so it goes which Vonnegut uses to nominate death and dying whether it is of man, animal or the bubbles of champagne. He uses it to downplay the fact of mortality making it sound humorous and routine.Some would say that his writings are creepy, but the fact is that he wrote beautiful, bizarre and horrifying novels replete with dark humor , and that set him apart as a unique writer. In Slaughterhouse Five he uses words and phrases such as, mustard gas and roses to describe the rotting smell of a corpse, and the breath of an alcoholic. This novel explores the idea of fate, freewill and illogical constitution of human beings. In the first chapter the narrator apologizes about the fact that the novel is so short and jumbled and jangled and then goes on to explain the fact that in that location is nothing intelligent to say about a massacre.The satirical tone and the dark humor is the alibi, which he uses to describe the horrific aftermath of bombings and war in general. There are tercet themes that he uses in Slaughterhouse Five. The first and foremost theme is the- War. He writes about the contrasts of war which is complete, beauty, humanity, innocence, humor etc. In Slaughterhouse Five just like his many previous novels, he says that war is bad for us and it is better to love one another and tolerate in peace, th an have wars.However, she doesnt use love as the contrast of war, since Billy Pilgrim was not shown as a man who is madly in love with his wife. Yet he chose to depict it in a light yet effective manner. An interesting contrast Vonnegut uses in his novels are differences between the characteristics of men and women. custody are shown as cruel and ready to he engage in war any time, and the females are the shields, playing the shock absorbers effect capably, as they are always engaged in trying to dissuade men from getting into wars.Women in Vonneguts novels are more humane, loving and have well wills. The most compelling theme is that we as people are like bugs trapped in an amber and in that respect are no whys to it. In a sequence in the novel, when Billy is trapped in Tralfamadorin Flying Saucer he asks, Why me? . Why you? Why us for that matter? Why anything? Because this issue simply is . Have you ever seen bugs trapped in amber? Billy was asked, and he recalls that he i n fact had a paperweight in his office, which was a change surface of polished amber with three ladybugs trapped inside it.Billy answers in affirmation and he is told Well, here we are, Mr. Pilgrim, trapped in the amber of this moment. There is no why. (ibid pg. 76-77). This extraterrestrial experience of Billy is symbolic of the fact that we are physically stuck in this world with no choice over our circumstances. In Vonneguts novels there are no set themes or plot that follows the story of heroes, heroines or villains. As Ernest W. Ranly says that all the characters in Vonneguts books are comic, pathetic pieces, juggled about by some inexplicable faith, like puppets. (Riley, 1974, pg. 54).Vonnegut himself says in his book Hocus Pocus that if there is no one to take the blame for the bad happenings in the book, it can only recollect that the villain is God Himself or Herself or Itself or Whatever (Vonnegut, Hocus Pocus, 1990). Another significant theme is that there is no sp end, only man. Being a soldier is a myth as a soldier is just a puppet of war used to do as the war demands. He doesnt remain a human being anymore. Vonnegut expresses this thought most noticeably in this extract from the novel from the time when Billy was imprisoned in Dresden.When the three fools found the communal kitchen, whose main job was to make lunch for workers in the slaughterhouse, everybody had been waiting for them impatiently. She was a war widow. So it goes. She asked Gluck if he wasnt awfully new-made to be in the army. He admitted he was. She asked Billy Pilgrim what he was supposed to be. Billy said he didnt know. He was trying to keep warm. either the real soldier are dead. She said. It was true. So it goes. (Vonnegut 1969. Pg. 159). Another obvious theme is that death is inevitable.It also goes on to explain that life goes on, no matter what happens and who dies. The phrase so it goes occurs one hundred and six times throughout the novel it happens every time someone dies, to take away the seriousness of death and march on a humorous quality to its inevitable graveness. This book has different meanings for different people, as everyone would be likely to interpret its subtle messages in their own way. The point that Vonnegut wanted to make was that no matter what happens , we should retain our humanity.

Enlightenment Values In Europe Essay

The focal point of this paper is to evaluate and analyze the reasons behind the op status to enlightenment values in Europe between the middle(prenominal)-18th and mid 20th centuries and who identify the plane section of the society that objected to progress, science, reason, liberty, happiness, etc. It can well be stated that the main aspect of this enlightenment was chiefly based on desolation to religion, racism and civil rights along with freedom of thought process.These ar all highly acclaimed values of today but back in mid-18th and mid 20th centuries, which are stated as Modern society, there were enough opposition in this context and this opposition was mainly sparingal. The idea of Modern comp both is more of a concept than actuality. For this reason it is essential to define Modern Society. There are several notions regarding the concept of modern Society but just about acceptable is the period dating from 1800s. Therefore, it is obvious that the era after 1800 (spe cifically after Industrial revolution) could be termed as Modern.However, when conceptualized, it can be stated there are several distinguishing features. It can well be stated that the industrial revolution brought the concept of modernism into existence during the mid-18th century. The near distinctive features of Modern society could be enumerated as Universality, emergence of Political thought, climax of technology and science, different inventions, approach towards Arts, Specified Cultures, distinctive warfare and industry. There are several friendly and economic factors that make the Modern society different from the Pre Modern Society.These social and economic factors are development of concepts like secularization, decontextualization, totalitarianism, mechanization, democratization, centralization, hierarchical organization, individualism, linear progression, homogenization, diversification, , hybridization, unification, industrial society, reductionism, , universalism, subjectivism, alienation, rationalization, and bureaucracy reservation the Modern society a complex and intricate civilization. Another distinctive feature of Modern society from its Pre modern counterpart is that during the modern era the advent of capital as a means of power came into existence.Previously this place was occupied by land in general. Alongside the advent of capital bingle of the most interesting feature that came into existence was the high volume of goods movement at a flipn state of time. In the Pre modern Society this phenomenon was unthinkable and Modern society only made it possible with help of capital and industrialization. (Kar, 2006) Yet another interesting feature of the Modern society is the availability of information. This became more easily available due to development of roads and other transportation and similar communication systems that made information abundant.Formerly, the areas that were separated by geographical barriers were small down after the Pre modern Society and thus people became more aware of things happening around them. However, it should be taken into account that one of the most distinguishable aspects of modern society is its attitude towards sexuality and marriage. Given the many problems that are associated with marriage, it is not so surprising that many young people in Modern societies- which, to a great extent, now values individual fulfillment over traditions have become disillusioned with the institution of marriage.This has resulted in the surging of non-traditional social structures. This could be termed as an extended approach of freedom of sexuality that flourished in the latter stages as one of the aspect of the civil right movements. This was predominantly an delivery related factor as the voting rights of women and human rights of colored population were fallout of payment equality and right of work. All these factors instigated a complete openness to a number of aspects that was not only seen as immoral during the earlier period but also deem as sacrilege.It is obvious a section of the society was not in favor of the changes that were going around. The problem with these traditionalists was more economical than anything else. The lack of devotion towards the concept of God certainly displease the perform as lesser interest in religion resulted into lesser amount of revenue and lower power in the socio governmental perspective. The medieval period had the church at the center of all political and social structure and it gained huge authority over every aspect of life.Industrialization and economic independence certainly compress the power and jurisdiction of the aspects of church and religion and thus made the religious authorities extremely unhappy about the proceedings. It was no surprise that the church openly opposed the progression of the European society. It was during this time slavery was banned first in United Kingdom and then the abolition was practic ed all over Europe. This also was subjected to protests from certain part of the society, particularly from the commercial agricultural product manufacturers.These were the chief population that supported slavery in the different colonies of the Asia, Africa and Latin the States under the imperialist banners of countries like UK, Germany, Spain, Portugal and France. Abolition of slavery was a huge attack on their profit margin and no wonder they protested with social and political influence and sometimes with financial and brute forces. (Lamb, 2004) The concept of civil rights developed as a logical fallout of these aspects.People were becoming aware of their position in the society through better mode of education and communication systems. The general mass was able to see the misgivings of the upper classes towards the rest of the population and identify the problem parts of the system and thus started to look for solution. The next step was rights for further participation into p olitical arena and manifestation of political rights. Labor excitement and labor movement became a regular feature of the 19th century Europe and particularly in UK.These were movements that influenced the economical stability of the patricians of the society and hardly any of them was willing to part with their profit margin with the labors without a fight. Thus opposition in this case too was evident. It could also be stated that all the development of the era started from the openness of the thought process. The ultimate result was the combined force of religion and patricians worked overtime to resist this improvement of human dignity but ultimately failed. King, 2006) In conclusion it can well be said that the driving force of history is predominantly economy and it is the different aspects and approach towards economy that give rise to conflicts and revolutions. It was true during the time of the crusades and it certainly relevant to the reasons behind the opposition to enli ghtenment values in Europe between the mid-18th and mid 20th centuries and objection of certain parts of the society against the aspects of progress, science, reason, liberty and happiness.

Ordering system Essay

Online Ordering Bookshop corpse is commonly used by most of the establishment. The group consecrated to convert the manual system of rules into automated system because most of the establishments argon now using automated system. In the present generation there argon many instant ways on how to buy stuff. Going directly to the store is sometimes a hassle thing to do. You would feel disappointed if the overlap that you want is already out of stock. In order to lessen the inconvenience, most businesses implement an ordering system through phone, and through innovations of technology, some businesses today be engaging in an online ordering system to help them monitor their products easily and give their customers better service. There are still many businesses today which are not aware of what online technology to apply to their business. 1.2 Problem StatementA purchasing system is an important tool for businesses that can be critical for a healthy business operation. It primarily h elps vendors to offer their products online, thus, reaching more possible customers. Considering the advantages of having an online purchasing system for stores, still a lot of businesses are not subject to enjoy its benefits mainly because of bes from the outgrowth and maintenance of such systems. With this reality, only those big businesses are able to profit from this system, widening the gap of the competition.1.3 Objectives of the Study1.3.1 world(a) ObjectiveThe goal is to develop an online business platform for book vendors and book enthusiasts.1.3.2 Specific ObjectiveTo comply with the general objective, the study must accomplish the interest 1. To create a system that will register different book vendors and their products that will be available for sale online. 2. To create a system that would allow customers to browse, search and buy offered products. 3 Design a system that could generate reports for reference ofparties involved. 21.4 Conceptual/Theoretical Framewor kThe concept used is the Input-Process-Output (IPO) by Kenneth E. Kendall and Julie E. Kendall (1997) in their book entitled SAD 3rd Edition(1997) referred to as an overview diagram.InputProcessOutputFigure 1.0 Conceptual FrameworkFigure 1.0 show the theoretical framework that was followed in the development of the system. The input phase shows where the data and information was gathered. The process phase includes the analysis of the acquired informations as well as the development, design and testing of the system. The rig phase will be the proposed study.31.5 Significance of the StudyThe proposed system will be beneficial to Book traders that cant afford the cost of developing and maintaining their own purchasing system and for book shoppers who wanted a one-stop shop for their favorite/needed reading materials.1.6 Scope and LimitationThe scope of the proposed system resides on the ability to cater purchases online and generate reports of registered users/vendors, added products and the transactions occurred.This study mainly focuses on the concept of online purchasing, thus, delimits the actual inventory of the products per see.41.7 Definition of Terms industriousness A computer program with a user interface.Develop To bring from latency to or toward fulfillmentDiagram A plan, sketch, drawing, or outline designed to demonstrate or explain how something works Figure A written or printed symbol representing something some other than a letter, especially a number. Framework A fundamental structure, as for a written work. Generate To produce as a result of a chemical or physical process cultivation Knowledge derived from study, experience, or instruction.Input Something put into a system or expended in its operation to achieve output or a result store A detailed, itemized list, report, or record of things in ones possession, especially a periodic survey of all goods and materials in stock. Internet An interconnected system of networks that connec ts computers around the world via the TCP/IP protocol. Online Connected to a computer or computer network.Output The information produced by a program or process from a specific input. Phase A distinct stage of developmentProcess A running software program or other computing operation. Scope The area covered by a given activity or subject.System An organized and coordinated method a useTransaction A record of business conducted at a meeting proceedings. 5

Voucher programs: Tuition Subsidied for Public School Students

Vouchers are reading subsidies for bookmans in cosmos coachs to expect private domesticates and/or for learners already in private give lessonshouses. Prop whiznts for publicly funded school verifiers see them as a way for poor parents to leave a failing public school system and allow their children to go to the school of their choice. Opponents fear that school vouchers would wad bills external from public schools, causing grater segregation while non helping the majority of students remaining in the public school system.The Catholic perform supports school vouchers and believes that every person should constitute qualified opportunity to organize there children to the best schools regardless of there financial situation. This paper leave behind drive to explain the complex arguments around the issue of publicly funded school vouchers, so that one could understand both sides of this issue. Voucher political programs allow students to take a mickle of capital re served for public command to put toward private education.The major supporters of school vouchers are poor parents, and the Catholic Church. Before 1999, the Catholic Church had been one of the chief enemies of all federal grants for education. Then the Hierarchy gradually changed direction, and it decided to support federal aid in principle on condition that some(prenominal) specific measure should include auxiliary function for Catholic schools. The condition has never been met, and the failure of agreement has created the longest and most caustic church-state controversy in the history of Congress.According to the Church and Catechism it is the obligation of the state that public subsidies are paid out in such a way that parents are sincerely free to choose according to their conscience the schools they want for their children. Supporters of such a program believe that allowing students to choose the school they will attend will dissolving agent in a better education and a more level playing field, where not only mid(prenominal)dle- and upper-class students dominate the private school system. just about proponents of vouchers see the public school system as promoting atheist views and denying the freedom to practice a holiness other that atheism. School vouchers would allow parents to send their children to ghostlike schools and allow them to assert the right to practice the religion of their choice. Cavailer Daily, a scholar and leader in the voucher movement states, Freedom of Religion should allow students to attend a insular school, rather than prevent them. Vouchers allow choice for all people not only the ones blind drunk enough to afford a religions education.The current system has allowed students to be rigorously secularized striking down most forms of public assistance to parents who desire to protect their children from an educational system that is often actively promoting determine that are profoundly at odds with religious convicti ons. The net result has been that a crucial aspect of religious freedom is exercised only by families wealthy enough to afford private education after consecrateing taxes for public schools. Mary Ann Glendon, a constitutional scholar and professor at Harvard University.M both proponents of vouchers do not want to eliminate the public school system they want to use . School choice means better educational opportunity, because it uses the dynamics of consumer arguing to drive service quality. As students leave the public school system and choose private school they will take there voucher specie with them causing profit loses for that district. some(prenominal) proponents of vouchers feel that this will cause the public schools to reform and offer a better educational program, so they washstand also become competitive in the schools market. worldly concern schools currently account for 90% of the educational institutions, thus cornering the market. Proponents of vouchers believ e that the short term benefits will allow students to nourish a better education, and in the long term public schools will be forced to radically change there programs in order to debate with a growing school market. The advantage of voucher programs is that parents can spend their money how they see fit. Public schools are funded with taxes-often property taxes, which partially accounts for better schools in richer districts.Each district gets a different amount of money per student so in the poor areas of the unpolished the schools get less money per student resulting in lower quality teachers, and inability to buy adequate materials. People must pay these taxes regardless of the quality of topical anaesthetic schools, or where they want to send their child. Even if you send your child to private school, you are still required to pay taxes to fund a public school system that you do not use. The voucher system, then, acts as a refund system for parents who wish to educate their children elsewhere.Leading the charge against publicly funded school vouchers is the American Teachers Union, American Federation of Teachers, theme Education Association, as well as The National Council of Churches and many constitutionalists. Opponents of school vouchers believe that while vouchers might seem like a good conceit on the surface, a deeper investigation reveals its fatal flaws and irreversible social implications. The biggest argument against vouchers is that they are unconstitutional.It has been decide that according to the establishment clause of the 1st amendment giving any funds to private school that promote religion is against the law. Vouchers also have the ability to hurt the majority of students in public schools by taking away their funding. According to expert on the subject of school vouchers, Henry Levin, not only are vouchers unconstitutional but they completely undermine the public education system, thus threatening our system of democracy. The issu e is one of separation between church and state.Under the establishment clause of the 14th amendment, may public money be used for sectarian schools? During the 1940s, the high court decided that all direct appropriations for the central expenditures of such schools would be unconstitutional. No federal or local tax funds may be used for building costs, teachers salaries, or other regular operational expenses. These perimeters were established in the Everson v. Board of Education judgment in 1947. In this case, a New Jersey town had allowed local tax funds to reimburse Catholic parents for busing their children to school.The Court, speaking through Justice Black, say The establishment of religion clause of the First Amendment means at least this Neither a state nor the tribeal Government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws, which aid one religion, aid all religions, or prefer one religion over another. Neither can force nor influence a person to go to or remain away from church against his will or force him to profess a ruling of disbelief in any religion. No person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs or dis-beliefs, for church attendance or non-attendance.No tax in any amount, large or small, can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions, what ever they may be called, or whatever form they may adopt to teach or practice or teach religion. Neither a state nor the Federal Government can, openly or secretly, participate in the affairs of any religious organizations or groups and vice versa. In the words of Jefferson, the clause against the establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state. For the past 50 historic period the Supreme Court has held up the wall of separation in such high profile cases as the Nyquist decision in 1973, which invalidated a New York State program that provided tuition reimbursements to poor parents whose children attended private schools. Although the court found that New York had attempted to ensure the secular effect by making the payments directly to the parents, it ruled that the program had a primary function of advancing religion, and there for was unconstitutional. This ruling affirmed Justice Blacks decision in making publicly funded school vouchers unconstitutional.Opponents of school vouchers believe that not only are they unconstitutional they also hurt students and the Public School System. The United States Public School system was founded during the mid 1800s to promote economic and social well being. The United States prides it self on being one of the only countries to provide a free and equal education to all children from kintergarden too high school. There is an apparent connection between public schools and the common good in democracy because as our country becomes increasingly diverse, the public school system stands out as an institution that unifies Americans.Research from the United States and abroad show that vouchers lead to greater segregation of students by socioeconomic status and race. Countries such as Ireland and Canada are divided because their governments provide education for each different religion, and consequently a deep cultural stratum in the population has been accentuated. The public school systems serves the majority of people and most are satisfied and dont want to change where they go to school. Opponents of school vouchers believe they do not help the majority of poor and underprivileged and benefit more advantaged families.In Milwaukee, for example, parents who accepted vouchers, on average, were better educated, more involve in their childrens education, and had higher expectations for their children than parents of public school children. Only 1% of public school students are currently participating in a school voucher plan, so the majority of children are left in the public school system to fend for themselves. Voucher advoca tes often claim that private school education is cost effective because these schools can operate for less money.However, looking at the record of accomplishment of the only two experimental voucher schools, Milwaukee voucher program started in 1990, and Cleveland voucher program started in 1996, shows a very different story. In Milwaukee, analyses indicate that voucher schools received about $1,000 more per student than comparable public schools for the1996-97 school year. In addition, private schools are not required to have mandated services such as, special education, ESL, transportation, breakfast and lunch programs, which is accounted for in the money that the public schools receive per pupil.The most reasonable conclusion, notes researcher Henry Levin, Is that voucher schools in Milwaukee are receiving at least comparable allocations per student to those of the Milwaukee Public Schools, once the service mix is accounted for. Voucher schools do not cost less to operate and in many cases, they cost more, taking precious funds away from public schools that are trying to reform. Voucher money likely would end up in the hands of private-school parents, essentially subsidizing those who already have fled the public school system, instead of creating incentive for public-school reform.Cleveland last month joined Milwaukee as the only school systems with vouchers. However, 27 percent of the 1,864 low-income kids in the Cleveland program were already in private schools. tete-a-tete schools often charge high tuition. Since vouchers usually will not cover the full cost of tuition, the wealthy, who can already afford to pay private school tuition, will benefit the most. Low and middle-income families, who will not be able to afford the difference between the voucher and tuition costs, will be less likely to benefit.Even if poor families could come up with the full tuition amount, few private schools are located in the nations inner cities or other economically de pressed areas. Fewer still are likely to admit children from disadvantaged backgrounds. For this reason, 45% of students participating in the Milwaukee program attend Catholic schools because they cost less. In any event, no voucher plan will benefit more than a small derive of poor children. A voucher system also will not work if kids who want to leave public schools have no place to go, as many will not. Voucher supporters claim new private schools will spring up to meet new demand.However, this may be wishful thinking. Many private schools believe government money means government regulation and do not want to take it, says Joe McTighe, executive director of the Council of American Private Education. Proponents of vouchers feel that they are being unfairly taxed or taxed twice but Double taxation does not exist. Private school tuition is not a tax it is an additional expense some parents have chosen to pay. All members of society are expected to support certain basic public serv ices such as the police and fire departments, libraries and the public schools, whether they use them or not.Childless couples and single people, for instance, must still pay school taxes. ) We all have a vested interest in maintaining a strong public school system to make certain that our people are educated. Under a voucher plan, all taxpayers will face double taxation. They will have to pay for public schools, then pay-increased taxes to make up for funds being channeled too parochial and other private schools. The heavily contested issue of whether public money should be used to subsidize private, religious schools has raged on for over 50 years and will continue to as long as people challenge the constitution.Proponents believe vouchers will give opportunities to the poor, freedom of religion to all, and help begin a trend of reform in public schools. However, opponents fear that school vouchers will blur the lines separating church and state, and cause undue harm to the public school system. If nothing else it works for its designed purpose of creating a neutral environment that fosters learning. This neutrality has made possible the spread of tolerance to other institutions in our society. Children who learn to alert together without religious distinctions are prepared as adults to build a more cooperative world.

How effectively did the Liberal government meet the needs of the British people

The better-looking politics implemented a number of amends some of which were helpful to the public and some of which were not. The Liberal welfare reform legislation was grouped into five principal(prenominal) categories. The first of these was the Young people, this include the Education (Provision of Meals) good turn 1906, the Education (Administrative Provisions) comport 1907, and the Children Act 1908. The atomic number 42 group was the Old people there was only one reform in this group, however it was a very significant one, the Old mount up Pensions Act 1908.The third group was the countries Sick people, again this only included one reform, the National Insurance Act divorce 1 1911. The fourth category was the nations workers, this included the Workmens Compensation Act 1906, the Coal Mines Act 1908, the Trade Boards Act 1909, and the Shops Act 1911. The fifth and last(a) category was the counties vast Unemployed faction, this included the outwear Exchanges Act 1909 and the National Insurance Act Part 11 1911.The reforms were not accomplished over night, they introduced the reforms over a relatively long period of beat. The Liberals introduced several(prenominal) reforms for childrens health, they initiated school meals (one per day), checkup inspections, and the childrens charter. Since education became compulsory the teachers began to notice that lots of children were coming to school hungry, dirty or ill. Therefore in 1906 the government introduced legislation that compelled local government to provide free or subsidised school meals for all forgetful children.Most of the credit for this new law is certify to two reports which were published in the wake of the Boer War The Royal Commission on Physical Training in Scotland (1903) and the Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration. The introduction of these meals was not the be-all and end-all, by 1912 over half the local authorities had still not set up a school meals service. This reform was important for two main reasons.Firstly because it was the first step away from schooling and into the concept that welfare benefits could be granted to the poor without them having the debt or disabilities associated with the poor law. Secondly it was a step towards recognition that parents were not wholly responsible for their childrens undernourishment. Also that, with public support, needy children could be well cared for at sign and did not need to be put into public or voluntary care. The second Liberal reform for Young people was the introduction of school medical inspections under the Education (Administrative Provisions) Act of 1907.The Government did not want this Act to be implemented because they felt they could not afford to treat the chronic health problems which would inevitably be discovered. However, administrative pressure from Robert L. Morant, the permanent secretary of the Education Board, who was in turn influenced by Margaret Ma cmillan forced the government to take action. This reform was oddly helpful because the Board of Education set up a medical department, and the gloomy reports from doctors led to the introduction of school clinics from 1912. These clinics were very good at identifying defects and illnesses.On the other hand the cost of treatment was often similarly great for some families and their children rarely received treatment. The final reform introduced by the Liberal ships company for Young people was the Childrens Act of 1908, which later became known as the childrens charter. This legislation made it illegal for parents to neglect their children. There were several extensions of this which dealt with particular proposition circumstances such as-Children under 16 were forbidden to smoke or drink and stiff penalties were brought in for shops which supplied them with alcohol of tobacco.This Act had no real entailment as most of its finer points were contained in the parents morality or the two previous Acts, it only authentically served as a fol minuscule up to the main Acts. The next main reform introduced by the Liberal party moved away from Young people and to the opposite end of the scale with the Old Age Pensions Act of 1908. Basically the Liberals introduced a state pension for all people over seventy who had worked all their lives and could no longer work and they complied with the conditions- which were not too strict.This Act was the culmination of over 20 years of discussion of the topic of poverty among the elderly and it came about for two main of reasons. The first and in many peoples opinion the most important was the example of the monumental German state insurance and pension scheme. The second was that leading figures such as Joseph Chamberlain and Charles Booth had taken up the cause. The government miscalculated how many people would claim the pension. They had estimated 500,000 when actually 650,000 people applied and by 1914 this had increas ed to nearly a million.This fact show that the pensions were mischievously needed and wanted by Britains elderly community. Just how grateful people were for this pension is displayed by this quote When the Old Age Pensions began, life was alter for such come alongd cottagers. They were relieved of anxiety, and when they first went to the post office to draw it tears of gratitude would flow down their faces. Therefore we can see that people really did want state help but were too proud to wear the badge of Pauperism. The next reform dealt with the countries sick people, this was the National Insurance Act Part 1. After Lloyd George had completed his inspection of the German social insurance scheme, he was left in no doubt that Britain needed a more than to a greater extent comprehensive system. He was presented with immense pressure from the opposition such as friendly societies and doctors, however he was determined to build the scheme and not be bullied into submission. As a re sult of the opposition he had to modify his original scheme accordingly.It was basically an extension of the pension scheme and the concept was that the richer elements for the country should compensation more so the poorer elements could contend with difficulties when old or sick. This budget was passed in 1910. This had the same effect as the pension scheme though on a smaller and less consistent scale. The next category for the Liberal reforms was the Countries workers, the Liberal government passed four Laws which are stated in introduction, they sought to improve works conditions, these included minimum wage, fewer hours, etc.These measures constituted a significant improvement for millions of workers, many of whom had no one to speak up for them. The fifth and final category was the unemployed. Up until the turn of the century unemployment was still seen partly as a moral problem of individual idleness and partly as a seasonal problem for certain industries such as shipbuildi ng and construction. Few people were willing to accept that it may be out of the individual workers pull strings as a result of the lack of wide ranged evidence.The Labour Exchanges Bill was passed in September 1909 as a result of two reports and a loudness advocating their establishment. The basic idea was that a Labour exchange would allow employer and employee to register their requirements at one central location and could therefore have them met. They also had diminutive information of job vacancies. By 1914 there were 430 exchanges throughout Britain and 3000 people were provide work through them every day so they were pretty important in relieving Britains unemployment problem. The second of the reforms for the unemployed was Unemployment Insurance.This scheme was worked out be Llewellyn Smith, the permanent secretary for the Board of Trade, and it was essentially Part 11 of the National Insurance Act 1911. By 1915 2. 3 million workers were insured. Admittedly this was a s mall proportion of the total working population, however it was accepted as the beginning of a much more comprehensive system. Between 1906 and 1911 the Liberal Government introduced all of the above reforms, this impressive list of social reform measures adds up to a significant falling out away from minimum government and Laissez Faire.Many Historians argue that the current welfare state finds its origins in the Liberal reforms. This view is justified when one considers that old age pensions, safeguards against unemployment and illness are the basis of the modern welfare state. Consequently many historians believe that the Liberal reforms were extremely limited in scope and failed to deal adequately with the considerable welfare problems of housing and they did not attempt to set up a national health service.Moreover the reforms which were introduced were very limited Pensions too low health insurance did not cover employees family and unemployment insurance only applied to seven trades. Obviously the effectiveness of the Liberal welfare reforms is debatable. By the standards of the time they were accepted as fundamental actions for social reform-some more so than others. On the other hand, looking back with our frame of reference (modern welfare Britain), the Liberal reforms search to be severely inadequate. However, it is important to remember that both Lloyd George and Winston Churchill saw their reforms as only the first step.

A report that reflects on Person Centred Therapy

I reflected on Person-centred Therapy (PCT) as the comparative model beca substance abuse of the conflict that exists between this and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). The conflict is historical, political and from mortalal experience. In therapy twenty years ago I became frustrated with my counsellors person-centred coming. I challenged my counsellor to provide me with more support and help. I therefore had preconceive creative thinkers of PCT which whitethorn be similar to stereotypical thinking of these models. It was excessively warm, completely non-directive and only reflected back to the lymph gland, which I found frustrating.I understand now it was because my cope style was externalised and I had no control over external til nowts, which suited a more direct counselling approach. So, how would this influence my traffic pattern as a counsellor? In theoretical terms and in observed practice I appreciated the pull aheads of PCT for its empathetic understanding and for nodes who require a non-directive approach to gain emotional aw arness. Presenting pop outs that burn down be helped by PTS argon bereavement, drug and alcohol issues, depression, panic and anxiety, eating difficulties, self-importance-harm, childhood sexual abuse (Tolan and Wilkins, 2012).I have use the model affectively for bereavement and sexual abuse as an offer of a direction would have been inappropriate and incongruent at the time. My preconceptions of CBT were solution focused, challenging and that lower-ranking intensity based interventions ignore the clients past. I feel competent in using certain behavioural intervention in my practice and challenge maladaptive thinking patterns in sessions. CBT is a medical model and although we have been taught the disadvantages to diagnoses, CBT is seen as the treatment of choice for many presenting problems ascribable to the amount of data-based evidence available.These are anxiety disorders, panic, phobias, obsessive-compulsi ve disorder, PTSD, bulimia and depression as identified by NICE (NICE, 2008, Accessed online 27/06/201). This report reflects on the appropriate use of the models. Stereotypes have some element of truth, just at the same time, are not the truths. I wanted to understand the similarities and parallels while respecting the fact that, in practise, I use both models. I didnt want to do a bit of each badly, nevertheless use a model in luxuriant at the appropriate time and understand my reason for doing so (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012).Both PCT and CBT are deeply rooted in the same philosophical underpinning of humanism, existentialism, and both are phenomenology particularly to the nature of suffering. However, there are differences in the understanding and interpretation of the philosophy. Both approaches view a person as continually seeking ontogeny and self-actualisation. There are incompatible beliefs between the models. (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012). PCT observes that seeking growt h and self-actualisation is a way of being and in itself sanative.Rogers professed that there were six necessary conditions for healing(predicate) growth that alone were sufficient to lead to a fully functioning person. The individual is the own expert who can determine their own journey of their humanity and can heal themselves with the join, being the relationship itself. The organize of the self includes self-concept and change beliefs. PCT communicates acceptance of the clients own experience and encourages then to advert alternate choices. It is a continual journey of self-awareness and knowledge, with the drive always towards growth (Mearns & Thorne, 2012).CBT views growth and self-actualisation as a shared goal of therapy to be reached with a gear up of tools, to be implemented in therapy. CBTs view comes from Ellis who defines a person as irrational and rational. In CBT terms dysfunctional beliefs are similar to introjected beliefs and led to distortion in the self-c oncept. The irrational causes distress and rational directs the individual to fully functioning. CBT primary belief is self distortion and the serve well of cognitive dissonance.Interventions such as the ABCDE framework are used to challenge and dispute irrational thinking and are aimed at increasing clients self-awareness and self-understanding. CBT sees the relationship as more collaborative and facilitates new learning. An individuals construct of reality is dimensional and irrationality stops the client from changing. Therefore, a persons drive is not always towards growth (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012). A similarity of both approaches is the understanding of self-worth and unconditional self-acceptance. The nature of suffering is seen the same. Humans are flawed, unaccented and we cause our own disturbance.Both see the client as the expert in the relationship. Authenticity is of great importance to both PCT and CBT as is the therapeutic relationship. It is the emphasis on the process of change, to become oneself, where the differences in two models lie (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012). From a PCT perspective a client discovers some hidden aspect of them self that they werent aware of previously and moves towards a greater degree of acceptance of self by being prized by the therapist (unconditional confident(p) regard), have a maven of realness (genuineness) and listen to them self (empathy).A client moves towards seeing new meaning. These changes are characteristic of therapeutic movement. The client moves along a continuum from rigid structure to flow which can be seen in the seven stages of therapeutic change. Rogers term was organismic experiencing which was interpersonal in the therapeutic relationship done unconditional positive regard and intrapersonal within the client accepting a new experience into their awareness (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012). In PCT, the process of change there are different strict experiences for a client.For me practising with a client group from a womens refuge I use PCT and Rogers condition-of-worth. The incongruence between the self-concept and authentic self is evident due to the abuse. This creation of a false self is corrected with unconditional positive regard, empathy and genuineness. Process Theory is where, change in the experience of feelings and the recognition that the client is the manufacturing business of their own construct occurs. The therapeutic change has a developmental sequence.There is a change in the clients manner of experiencing feelings and recognition of being the actor of their own constructs, accepting responsibility and in relating to others openly and freely. This is compatible with the condition of worth. A person moves with acceptance to a fully functioning person. The persons overall way of being is changed. Relating to a congruent therapist, the client learns to be open and congruent themselves (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012). Unblocking or Focusing is where the self-correcti ng, self-healing process of the organism is blocked.The person cant refer inwardly, focus on feelings or articulate meaning. They have a rigid self-concept. Empathic listening within the therapeutic relationship opens the issue to re-examination and unblocks the person self-healing process. There is an interaction between the feeling and the attention the client brings to create a new meaning. This is Gendlins felt sense, an unexpected feeling of flow. The client becomes an active self-healer who has been felt heard and understood (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012).In practice building Meaning Bridges new understanding which identifying introjects imposed by others who imposed external systems of take to be has been paramount because of the external pressure that have be imposed through a close relationship. Internal opposing voices can be accepted, examined and resolved through compromise and collaborative solution. Until now, I saw this as CBT but can now see this as PCT with Rogerss ne cessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic change all that is needed for the process of change and this change occurs without engaging in cognitive process, but in the moment (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012).I am able to sight personal parallels from watching Rogers session with Gloria. Gloria wanted an answer from Rogers. In the session she found it for herself, even though she actively interpreted that he had helped her to the decision even though he hadnt. She makes the decision of honesty for herself. Although non-directive, Rogerss session had a focused, this was of self-healing and self-direction. Refuting the belief that the person-centred way is only to reflect back to the client. The warmth from the counsellor is in addition part of the process of condition of worth.This helps me challenge my preconceived ideas and understand what is happening in practice. In practise, I am aware from a CBT perspective the therapeutic approach can teach clients new skills. The therapist i s regarded as more of a coach. The client benefits from new skills and perspectives which facilitate the learning and have a sense of efficacy. I have used CBT to look at specific problem behaviours and conceptualise them as having cognitive, affective, behavioural and physiological elements each of which can have a legitimate target for intervention and can be check for validity (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012).The process of change occurs in practice as old ways are challenged through exposure exercise, behavioural experiments and cognitive restructuring proficiencys. Change occurs in the therapeutic setting or outside in a person everyday life. It may require repetition to produce a lasting effect and reduce maladapted patterns. This is where CBT and PCT are similar as this requires a strong therapeutic alliance, but CBT literature takes this as a given and may be a reason it is criticised. Clients are taught emotional regulation and basic functioning skills, such as problem-solving sk ills, breathing relaxation and active coping.Specific interventions are then used to motivate and foster the therapeutic relationship, such as cost benefit analysis, daily popular opinion records, and in vivo exposure. Aligning clients goals with interventions in a formulation develops the therapeutic alliance and collaborates with the client, with hypothesis-testing strategies used to undergo the process of change Casemore, and Tudway, 2012). CBT is focused on corrective experiences and facilitates through interventions rather than challenging a client.It respects the importance of the therapeutic relationship and uses Rogers core conditions but does not see the conditions as sufficient. In-depth precis focused CBT takes the therapy to a deeper level and deals with past issues, than the low intensity offered by the NHS. Again my preconceptions are challenged for the benefit of my practice. I can see how the two models are not rivals, as Roger Casemore and Jeremy Tudway suggest in their book Person-centred Therapy and CBT, and that sibling as a metaphor works well (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012).For me, the therapeutic relationship and the advanced empathy compulsory in PCT are important in my practise along with the core conditions in order to create change. Rogers believes interventions as wrong, from a philosophical fleck of view, as the client always having to lead the therapy. This is because Rogers sees a person as having limitless potential. For me, CBT in offering intervention and gentle coaching helps a client on their journey to self-healing and a seed can be planted and therapeutic change can happen outside the counselling session.I support the views not all humans have the same drive and there is an unconscious element to being rational or irrational. It is a more real idea and not as optimistic as Rogers. It is observation of this therapeutic change and this idea that supports the use of CBT in my practise (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012). The BACP e thical framework has been written with Rogers core conditions in mind. Therefore, PCT offers the client and the therapist the need to fulfil the principles of self-care, of being trustworthy and providing autonomy.As to the personal moral qualities the PCT requires the therapist to have advanced empathy. CBT has been criticised for instruction too much on the intervention and not being of beneficence. In CBT extra competence in the implementation of the intervention is required, so the criticism of the technique becoming the therapy cannot be applied . In writing this report and in my practise, I feel the difference are enough not to combine the models, but that each model can go into the same toolkit and used separately in the same session with a client.With the collaborative element in mind and further reading I am interested in the approach by Mick Cooper and John McLeod. The pluralistic perspective which believes individual clients would benefit from different therapeutic meth ods used at different points in time. Therapist would work collaboratively with clients. Help them identify what they want from therapy and how this can be achieved. It leaves the motion of the process of therapy integration in practice open for debate. (Cooper, and McLeod, 2010, Assessed Online26/06/13).

Tesco : Retail & Logistics Mgt

The profession world nowadays is very divergent from the past. It is fast changing, ch all toldenging and full of opportunities. In order to hold up the business, the companies need to minimize costs, maximize pro leads and make the business environmentally sustainable. The management of the organization contact these goals through with(predicate) cut orbit management has recently foc wont (Fawcett, et al. , 2007). Tesco is peerless of the Worlds jumper lead retailer with trading operations in United Kingdom, Korea, Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Hungary, Malaysia, Japan, China and the United States.She became increasingly square on the inter study stage. The supply string trans set upion has underpinned to this retail success story. Tesco adopted a parkland operating climatel across its worldwide business, admitting it to bedspread and support key supply range of a function and replacement applications when it paded into novel countries. Tesco leveraged a c at valium model across multiple countries and strong willingness to accept local anaesthetic market without losing its core identity, this al deplorableed Tesco think orbicularly and act locally (Smith and Sparks 1993 and Gustafsson et al 2006).There were four primary(prenominal) upward(a) stages in dissemination and supply chain strategies in Tesco that could be demonstrated Direct to store delivery, aboriginalization, compound distribution and vertical collaboration and lean supply chains (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). Direct to store delivery (DSD) This litigate operated in mid-1970s. The direct delivery by the manufacturers and suppliers to the retail shops whenever they wanted. Shop manages operated in own interest. These made central control and standardization to a greater extent difficult.A requirement of alternative in begin to supply and distribution occurred as the new corporate business strategy took hold (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). Centralization This form was applied to move remote from DSD in 1980. The introduction of centralisation compelled suppliers to meet Tescos operational demands and gave control over the supply of products to stores inside a lead time of maximum of 48 hours. Suppliers were forced to deliver into the distribution centers of the supply network.This allowed hurrying stock turn, better lead time and reduced inventory cost. Moreover, the organized network of centralized distribution centers was linked by computer to stores and head offices. Buffer stock level and operations stock was reduced. However, this created problems of in high spirits logistic cost due to the increase delivery frequency, running of empty or un-full vehicle and increased labor cost on more frequent receiving. Nevertheless, outsourcing was the key component of the revised supply chain network.It allowed making comparison between Tescos operated centers and outside contractors, to measure the practices between two parties and drive qualification (Fe rnie & Sparks, 2009). Composite Distribution This integrated strategy of supply was implemented in 1990, in on handout feeler process. It enabled chilled, fresh and frozen products to be distributed by multi-temperature warehouses and vehicles through a common transcription. Special designed vehicles with one-on-one temperature control compartments were used to delivery any combination of these products.According to Fernie and Sparks (2009, pg. ,151), The move to composite led to the further centralization of more product groups , the reduction of stock place, faster product movement a enormous the channel, better information sharing, the reduction of order lead times and stronger code control for critical products. This composite structure became the spikelet of the supply network. Tesco international business egress and the new methods of working, the composite nature of centers became regional distribution centers (RDC) gradually.Vertical coaction and Lean Supply orbits Jones and Clarke (2002) stated that there were lots of chances for improvement even in the best-run entertain streams. A famous quoted precedent, Tesco cola can journey (Womack and Jones 2005). The can example demonstrated the improvement process undertaken by Tesco. Firstly, map of the traditional value stream. Secondly, value stream blend was designed. Finally, Tesco turn up from flow principle and began to look at synchronization and aspects of lean manufacturing and upply (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). Tesco moved to a lean supply organisation using the flow system multiple daily orders were send to suppliers allowing for multiple deliveries, reducing stock holding through cross-docking and varying availabilities and quality (Fernie and Sparks 2009, pg. , 155). Tesco initialed to change the supply chain pattern to fit in diverse countries. The success foundation and the processes of supply chain were embedded in new enter countries.For example, Hungary, Ireland, Korea, Poland an d Czech Republic, study RDC was built in these countries. The composite model had been effectively implemented, even with the same logistics service partners (Child, 2002). However, in close to occasion, Tesco needed to rethink the supply system and adopting advanced information technology as the springboard to abuse forward. For example, seer Retail Warehouse Management System was deployed in Korea in 2004. Successful implementations transplanted to different countries. Oracle Corporation, 2012) Similarly, Micro Focus was selected to upgrade the supply chain management systems (Continuous Replenishment Application) to create a common model across all countries and support to move into US market in 2007 (Micro Focus, 2011). Summarizing the above, the outcome of an assured supply chain and the development of advanced IT infrastructure enable seamless information sharing on a common platform with internet-based network. It enhanced the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain.According to Harrison and Hoek (2008), Information sharing technology enables collaborative partners working unneurotic from product design, manufacturing, logistic flow, demand forecasting, replenishment planning and work near to align their organization strategy in order to achieve competitive advantage. Kotler (1988) claimed that a company going abroad must study and understanding each foreign market carefully, being sensitive to its grow and economics, and apply adjustment in its products and communication to suit local needs.With support of the above authors, Tesco had made a remarkable supply chain operation in international expansion. Question 2 Different aspects concerning Tescos internationalist ingest are included in the indicated eggshell study from page 30. You are essential to select and evaluate three of these experiences. Various dimensions of Tescos international experience are illustrated in the case study. The following experiences are selected to be evaluated, they are entry mode experiences, marketing and communications and human heavy(p) experience.Entry mode experience amplification into foreign markets can be carried out via the four mechanisms direct investment, acquisition, licensing and marijuana cigarette venture (Foley, 1999). The entry mode that Tesco chose to adopt when entering foreign market was acquisition (Yoruk & Radoservic, 2000). (Fig. 1) Compared to other braggy retail companies such as Wal-Mart who lean to focus on larger market, Tesco tended to take a more conservative entry strategy. Tesco entered the central European market through store-by-store mode. It allowed testing on the market with comparatively lower startup cost.The human and financial capital was too minimized. On the other hand, the cost of unsuccessful person or replacing them by larger hypermarket was also lower. After a testing period of these acquisitions, Tesco started to expand through Greenfield investments. It constructed new hyp ermarkets in outskirt (Beckmann, 1999). This was a very aspiring change for Tesco since this was totally new. This approach allowed to have a experience on the expand which is completely apart from current domestic supermarket format and extend the international retail store operations.Marketing and communication Tesco learned from accumulated experiences in approaching new markets, compared to the failure experience in entering the Ireland and French markets, Tesco made success in entering Czech Republic because of its vigorous initiative to adopt the local market without drooping its core identity which were offered low prices, high quality product and services. With globular strategies and adapt customization in each local market, like McDonalds operates, with a global development plan, but adapting locally, has become known as glocalisation.Tiplady (2003) defined that the way in which ideas and structures that overspread globally and adapted and changed by local realities. Tes co adopted this as the core strategy to enter different foreign markets continuously. In recognizing and understanding the local needs, which included the needs of customers, competitors and the macro environment. world-wide sourcing and supply chain experience As mentioned previously, Tesco think globally and act locally. Its chosen to create a long term relationship with local producer in individual countries.For example, in considering the high level of national identity existing in Czech Republic, Tesco worked with the local food processors and farmers to develop its own label products at a lower cost. In UK, almost cover 40% of own brand products (Yoruk & Radoservic, 2000). In Ireland, Tesco also supported local Irish products and producers. It purchased goods worth ? 900 million annually from Irish companies in 2002. Tesco also worked together with the Irish companies to produce Tesco brand products for both domestic and international market which increased the production pe ck (Anon, 2000).In 2010, Irish exported more than ? 700 million of goods to worldwide Tesco. This also set up a corporate sociable responsibility image which create as a high corporate reputation and a arrogant image to the customers too. The remarkable supply chain operation in international expansion was adapted in changing mode to fit different countries. The successful implementation would become the back bone of the supply chain and embedded to other location with adjustment. The initiative in adopting new information technology infrastructure to enable information sharing which improved the suppliers relationships.Question 3 Select a global retail company of your choice and discuss how globalization impacted on their strategy approach. sphericalization is the conception of how global companies seeking to grow its business by extending its markets whilst at the same time seeking cost reduction through economic of scale in areas such as buying, production and focused manufact uring and or assembly operations (Christopher, 2005). IKEA is one of the worlds largest furniture retailers. It perceives itself as the leader within the global market of home furniture. In 2010, it has 280 stores in 26 countries worldwide.The core business idea of IKEA is to offer a wide range of tumefy-designed, functional home furnishing products at low prices that most of the people can afford. Its main business strategy is one-design-suits-all that is aligning the design of products so as to enjoy economies of scale, efficiency as well as lower cost. Therefore, IKEA designs the product that suit as many markets as possible. The flat packaging system for packing its furniture to optimize carrier space, lower down the utilization of warehouse space and minimizing the types of pallets used to store is extraordinary.It helps to cut down the costs compared to other competitors. Moreover, IKEA has a wide supplier base all over the world. Most of them located in low-cost nations, for example, China and East Europe. IKEA maintains a good and long-run relationship with its suppliers. It supports its suppliers in the form of leased equipment, credit facilities or even extending guarantees for suppliers border loan. With strong alliance and partnership with suppliers, in return, improved relationship with the suppliers, hence IKEA could be certain on the supply, standardization of products at high quality with the optimum low price.Furthermore, IKEA also benefits from the scale of its global business. in all of the suppliers need to comply with IKEAs IWAY requirement. The IWAY is a recognized standard and a quality assurance marketing point to both the current and potential new customer. Organizations have attempted to expand into new markets with the cigaret to enjoy the benefits through globalization. A new demand in logistical activities in supply chain is increased (Skjott-Larsen, et al. , 2007). IKEAs global supply chain involves more than 1380 suppliers, 41 trading service offices, 31 distribution centers (DC) and 11 customer DCs across the world.IKEA provides its suppliers with support in logistics and IT. The transport manager finds the optimal mode of transportation, delivery lead time and cost involved. IKEA preferred to build its DCs closer to seaports in order to use more ocean transport and less of road and rail transport. Products are either delivered directly to the stores or the DCs whichever is closer. For those slow moving items, they are delivered to those centralized DCs which can cover for a large region (Trent & Monczka, 2002) .In addition, standardization helped IKEA to manage pilot projects at a DC and embedded in worldwide DCs if found successful. It enables IKEA to bench mark the performances of various DCs as all worked on identical procedures. The flat packaging is all designed to fit the highest possible products into the containers minimize logistic cost. This meliorates the efficiency and lower the overall landed costs of products (Agndal, 2006). Moreover, IKEA applies the same design, technology, and operations at all of its facilities thus the processes are standardize across the supply chain.The employees could move from any one location around the world that actually opens the opportunities for staff to widen their career experience and learn other cultures (Kling & Goteman, 2003). Globalization is an ongoing development processes. These are not purely concern on the geographical spread of economic activities across national boundaries. It also includes the functional integration of globally scattered activities. The enterprises convert into a unit that is linked to the world at large instead of a domestic unit (Dicken, 2003). Bibliography Agndal, H. , 2006.The purchasing market entry process A study of 10 Swedish insudtrial small and medium-sized enterprise. Journal of buying & Supply Management, 12(4), pp. 182-196. Andersen, M. & Skjoett-Larsen, T. , 2009. Corporate social resp onsibilty in global supply chains. Supply Chain Management An supranational Journal, 14(2), pp. 75-89. Anon, 2000. An entry strategy for the Irish market, Ireland The Irish Times. Beckmann, A. , 1999. Dysfunctional Decision-Making -The Battle for Pragues Future. Central Europe Review, 1(21). Bowersox, D. , Closs, D. & Copper, M. , 2003.Supply Chain logistical Management. New York McGraw-Hill Education. Brut, S. L. & Sparks, L. , 2003. Power and competition in the UK retail grocery market. British Journal of Management, Volume 14, pp. 237-254. Child, P. N. , 2002. pickings Tesco Global. Mckinsey Quarterly, Volume 3, pp. 135-144. Christopher, M. , 2005. Logister and Supply Chain Management Creating Value-Adding Networks. 3rd ed. capital of the United Kingdom Pearson Education Publications. Dicken, P. , 2003. Global Shift Resharping The Global Economic Map in The 21th Century. 4th ed. London Sage Publication. Fawcett, S. , Ellram, L. & Ogden, J. 2007. Supply Chain Management From m int to Implementation. London Pearson. Fernie, J. & Sparks, L. , 2009. Logistics & Retail Management Emerging issues and new challengers in the retail supply chain. 3rd ed. London Kogan Page Limited. Foley, F. J. , 1999. The Global Enterpreneur Taking Your contrast International. Chicago Dearborn Financial Publishing Inc.. Gustafsson, K. , Jonson, G. , Smith, D. & Sparks, L. , 2006. Retailing Logistics abd Fresh nourishment Packaging. London Kogan Page. Handfiled, R. B. & Nichols, E. L. , 2004. Key issues in global supply base management.Industrial Marketing Mangement, 33(1), pp. 29-35. Harrison, A. & Hoek, R. V. , 2008. Logistic Managment and Strategy Competing through the supply chain. 3rd ed. London Pearson. Hugos, M. , Hunt, T. & Philips, T. , 2007. Scoring Points How Tesco continues to win customer loyalty. 2nd ed. London Kogan Page Ltd. Jones, D. T. & Clarke, P. , 2002. Creating a customer driven supply chain. ECR Journal, 2(2), pp. 28-37. Kirkwood, D. A. , 1984. How Tesco manages the distribution function. Retail and Distribution Management, 12(5), pp. 61-65. Kling, K. & Goteman, I. , 2003.IKEA CEO Anders Dahlvig on international growth and IKEAs unique corporate culture and brand identity. Academy of Management Executive, 17(1), pp. 31-37. Kotler, P. , 1988. Marketing Management Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control. sixth ed. New Jersey Prentice-Hall International. Mangan, J. , Lalwani, C. , Butcher, T. & Javadpour, R. , 2012. Global Logistics & Supply Chain Management. 2nd ed. Chichester John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mohorovice, D. , 2000. Minding the store Tesco Commercial director Paul House on customer service, supplier relations, and what milk and home mortages have in common.Budapest Business Journal, p. 9. Monczka, R. M. & Trent, R. J. , 1991. Global sourcing A development approach. International Journal of Purchasing and Material Management, 27(2), pp. 2-8. Palmer, M. , 2004. International restructure and divestment The experience of T esco. Journal of Marketing Management, Volume 20, pp. 1075-1105. Palmer, M. , 2005. Retail multinational learning a case study of Tesco. International of Retail & Distribution Management, 33(1), pp. 23-48. Powell, D. , 1991. Counter Revolution The Tesco Story. London Grafton Books. Riera, J. , 2000.Tesco sourcing teams to drive down global costs. The Retail Week, 17 March, p. 1. Seonng, M. S. , 2005. Fairness and Relationship Quality Perceived by Local Suppliers. Journal of Global Marketing, Issue 18, pp. 1-2, 5-19. Skjott-Larsen, T. , Schary, B. P. , Mikkola, J. H. & Kotzab, H. , 2007. Managing The Global Supply Chain. 3rd ed. Copenhagen Copenhagen Business School Press. Smith, D. L. G. & Sparks, L. , 1993. The transformation of physical distribution in retailing the example of Tesco Plc. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 3(1), pp. 35-64. Tiplady, R. 2003. One World or Many The impact of globalisation on mission. Pasadena William Carey Library. Trent, R. J. & Monczka, R. M. , 2002. Pursuing competitive advantage through integrated global sourcing. Academy of Management Executive, 16(2), pp. 66-80. Vivek, S. , 2011. Supply Chain as Strategy Asset The Key to Reaching Busines Goals. Hoboken John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Womack, J. P. & Jones, D. T. , 2005. Lean Solutions. London Simon and Schuster. Yoruk, D. & Radoservic, S. , 2000. International Expansion and Buyer-Driven Commodity Chain The Case of Tesco. Art (University College London).

The Phenomenon of Human Trafficking

Table of contents 1. Introduction2 2. Definition of central terms2 2. 1. Human trafficking2 2. 2. Victim2 3. Victims of military mankind trafficking3 4. Trends in military man beings trafficking3 5. Ca white plagues of military man trafficking4 5. 1. Poverty and desire for go against life of exploited victims4 5. 2. decadency and the ab accustom of influence4 5. 3. High profits and Low risk. 5 6. Recruitment strategies for gentlemans gentleman trafficking victims6 6. 1. Being born in to slavery6 6. 2. Use of force6 6. 3. Fraud6 6. 4. Coercion7 7. SEVERE FORMS OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS8 7. 1. Sex Trafficking8 8. Prevention of trafficking in humans8 . 1. economical alternatives to proscribe and disapprove trafficking8 8. 2. commonplace aw arness and information9 8. 3. Protection and assistance for victims of trafficking9 9. Case topic10 9 held for human trafficking word of honor 2410 10. Conclusion11 11. References12 Introduction The phenomenon of human trafficking or m odern-day slavery has received increased media coverage globally this is be drift millions of hatful around the world suffer in silence under slave- alike(p) conditions of coerce labour and moneymaking(prenominal) knowledgeable exploitation from which they cannot free themselves.Human trafficking not only continues but appears to be on the rise ecumenical originally because most countries argon involved in human trafficking to some extent, either as a place of recruitment, transit or the desti soil for trafficked individuals. This essay addresses the phenomenon of human trafficking as a form of victimization and will define key concepts, identify and discuss victims of human trafficking and its trends. The discussion will hike run into in to the causes of vulnerability to trafficking, reasons for trafficking, strategies for recruiting trafficked people and the responses or courses of action to reduce human trafficking.A case con of recent trafficking issue will alike be p rovided to show the reality of the problem and fitly the cultivation will sum up the discussion in a nutshell. Definition of Key terms 1 Human trafficking Hodge and Lietz (2007 163) explain that human trafficking involves the recruitment, ecstasy, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people, by the use of force, threat or otherwise(a) forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, and deception. It alike includes the abuse of power and position by giving or receiving payments to achieve the consent of a individual having control over another mortal, for the purpose of exploitation.Exploitation as explained by Hodge and Lietz (2007 163) include constrained prostitution and other forms of awakeual exploitation, pressure labour and services, servitude and the involuntary removal of organs. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime explain human trafficking as an act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harbouring or receiving a person through a use of force, coercion or other me ans, for the purpose of exploiting them (UNODC, 2010). 2 Victim check to Howley and Dorris (2007 229) victims argon persons who eat up suffered persecute, including strong-arm or mental injury, emotional suffering including grief, economic loss and/or substantial deterrent of rights accorded them by the state justness through acts or omissions that atomic number 18 in violation of the illegal law operating in the territory. Victims of human trafficking Winterdyk and Reichel (2010 5) states that human traffickers tend to victimize the most vulnerable of the global union consisting mostly young women and kidskinren and to a certain extent men. fit to Winterdyk and Reichel (2010 5) victims live in horrendous, brutal pile behind a wall of secrecy and deception and the victims are often sick payable to physical and psychological trauma they experience especially when they try to escape. Bales (2004 56) boost elaborates that traffickers instil trauma through a sense of terror and helplessness and by destroying the victims sense of self. Perpetrators also threaten death and serious pervert against victims and their families, they also isolate their victims from sources of information and emotional actualise where they can get help (Bales, 2004 56).An explanation by Fichtelberg (2008 151) clearly states that victims of human trafficking are forced into sex trade industry which includes prostitution, pornography, sex tourism, strip dancing, live-sex shows, bootlicking marriages or illegal labour markets such as sweatshops, farm build, domestic work , industrial work, begging, child soldiers, participating in crime or other activities they did not agree to engage in.Fichtelberg (2008 152) further elaborates that victims are often invisible as they are often isolated from their family members and other members of their ethnic and religious corporation and therefore unable to speak the local language and unfamiliar with the culture. Victims may not self-i dentify themselves as victims of human trafficking due to deficiency of knowledge about the criminal justice system of the host region, fear of payment against themselves and their families by traffickers, fear of accusation within their families, post traumatic stress disorder and stigma (Fichtelberg, 2008 152).Trends in human trafficking match to Hodge & Lietz (2007 163) determining the number of individuals who are trafficked is difficult due to high levels of secrecy and rot within the human trafficking industry. Furthermore, victims are often hesitant to share their experiences due to fear of reprisals and as a result estimates of the prevalence of trafficking develop varied contemplateably.Hodge & Lietz (2007163) further states that approximately 600,000 to 800,000 people are trafficked across foreign borders annually, of which 70- 80% are female and approximately 50% are children. Among all females, approximately 70% are trafficked for prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation, while the remaining are males trafficked for forced labour and achieveing criminal activities for their traffickers (Hodge & Lietz, 2007163).Causes of human trafficking 1 Poverty and desire for better life of exploited victims harmonise to Logan, footer and b deprivation market (2009 10) poverty is one most important factor in becoming a target of human trafficking because the poverty that the trafficked immigrants experience in their countries of origin is too extreme that it threatens even basic survival, thus do them vulnerable to any promises of better livelihood.Logan, Walker and Hunt (2009 10) further elaborates that vulnerability to trafficking is on the rise due to a mix of poverty and high levels of population density, infant mortality rate, children younger than 14, civil unrest and violence, cultural acceptance of trafficking and lower levels of nutrient security in those poverty stricken nations.In addition, Logan, Walker and Hunt (2009 10) exp lain that impoverished people often want to go to stable and wealthy countries like America for a better life then criminals use their dreams against them and put them into trafficking as they are desperate and willing to accept any opportunity to better their livelihood and help their family members who are also struggling. Corruption and the abuse of influence Surtees (200849) explains that corruption of government authorities including politicians, state functionaries, law enforcement officers and immigration officials play a critical role in the operation of human trafficking networks and allows trafficking to continue from, through, and within their countries.Surtees (200849) further elaborates that these corrupt officials supports trafficking in many ways through document falsification, illegal border crossings, overlooking prostitution venues in identifying victims, elastic criminal investigations, lack of investigation and judges dismissing cases or imposing stripped sanct ions against international human trafficking networks. Lehti and Aromaa (2007 125) also states that some individuals within international organized crime syndicates are current or former officials and use their position and/or experience to support criminal ventures.Former members of security agencies, for example, are able to conflate their security experience (which includes intimidation and torture) with high-level connections to political, professional and law enforcement agencies, allowing them to function with impunity by hiring legal and descent experts as intermediaries or brokers through which they recruit people for trafficking (Lehti and Aromaa, 2007 125). 3 High profits and Low risk. According to the U.S Department of State (2004) human trafficking is the third most profitable form of international organized crime after narcotics and arms sales. According to this report the sale of trafficked people is generating massive profits for traffickers because remote narcotic s and arms, which are sold once, people who are sold into prostitution and involuntary servitude earn profits continually, course after year, for their exploiters while victims get minimal wages or basically nothing due to debt irons imposed to them by traffickers (U. S Department of State, 2004).In addition to high profits, Hodge & Lietz (2007 166) explains that the risks associated with trafficking are quite minimal because prostitution is legal in many places like Germany and Netherlands therefore complicating efforts to incarcerate traffickers. Hodge & Lietz (2007 166) further elaborates that even in countries where prostitution is clearly illegal, traffickers often go unpunished for their crimes because cases regularly fall apart due to lack of protection for witnesses, family involvement in the trafficking activity and fear of deportation.Furthermore, enforcement efforts usually focus on the women instead of the exploiters, consequently people often attempt to remain unnoti ced for fear of being charged, particularly if they are trafficked internationally (Hodge & Lietz, 2007 166). Recruitment strategies for human trafficking victims A study by mule driver (2008 131) states that people are trafficked in tercet main ways which include being born into slavery, use of force i. e. eing kidnapped, sold, or physically forced and by fraud or being tricked. 1 Being born in to slavery According to mule driver (2008 131) in some countries families may be permanent servants because they were born into it. This is mainly because their families may take over been slaves or in debt bondage literally for generations and when they bear children they are automatically under the same plenty and may be sold to whoever is involved in the human trafficking business. 2 Use of forceSkinner (2008 131) contends that in some countries children are literally sold into slavery out of their will by parents or other caregivers mainly because of the economic situations of the f amilies. Skinner (2008 131) further states that victims are then raped, beaten, intimidated, tortured and confined so as to control them after they have being sold. Forceful violence as explained by Skinner (2008 131) is used especially during the early full points of victimisation, known as the seasoning process, which is used to break the victims resistance so as to make them easier to control.In some cases, Skinner (2008 131) states that people who are often approached to work in the sex industry often refuse and traffickers may kidnap or abduct such individuals and smuggle them to the country of destination to work as slaves or sold to other traffickers. 3 Fraud Hyland (2001 31) states that traffickers use seemingly legitimate organizations to recruit young women and children in to trafficking situations. This often involves the use of false advertisements promising desperate people a better life in another, usually richer, nation that offers jobs to work as waitresses, maids, landscapers and dancers.In other cases, Hyland (2001 31) explain that women who work in nightclubs may be approached and promised practically higher earnings for doing similar work in wealthier nations only to find that they will be forced in to prostitution and sex related exploitations. According to Hyland (2001 31) some victims may be made to stain false contracts to make the whole experience seem even more legitimate, and sometimes psychologically hold fast them even more to the trafficker to erase any suspicions from the victim.Hyland (2001 32) further states that in some instances, victims are approached by individuals known to their families in their home countries who invite them to come along with them for a job offer but only misleading them into trafficking situations where are often subjected to debt-bondage, usually in the context of paying off transportation fees into the destination countries. 4 Coercion According to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), t raffickers often make representations to their victims that physical harm may occur to them or others should the victim escape or attempt to escape.such(prenominal) representations can have coercive effects on victims as direct threats to inflict such harm may cause victims to live in fear and become hopeless and hence easy to control. Coercion as explained by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000) means threats of serious harm to or physical restraint of any person, it also includes any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to make a person to believe that failure to perform an act would result in serious harm to or physical restraint against any person or the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal processSEVERE FORMS OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS According to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), severe forms of trafficking in persons involves sex trafficking in which a commercial sex work is imposed on someone by the use of force, fraud, or coercion. It also includes recr uitment, harbouring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labour or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Sex Trafficking According to Hodge & Lietz (2007 165) sex trafficking means the recruitment, harbouring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex. Hodge & Lietz (2007 165) further states that sex trafficking is no longer primarily localized in one geographic expanse but has increasingly become a transnational and a global problem. For example, a young miss may be recruited in Botswana, sold and trained in Italy, with the United States being the ultimate destination.Moreover, Hodge & Lietz (2007 165) states that traffickers primarily target young women and girls, who are disproportionately affected by poverty, the lack of access to education, chronic unemployment, discrimination, and the lack of economic op portunities in countries of origin. According to Hodge & Lietz (2007 165) most trafficking victims originate in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe and to a lesser extent, Latin America while destination countries tend to be wealthy nations like America in which large sex industries like pornography exist or where prostitution is legalized or broadly tolerated as in the case of Germany and Netherlands.Prevention of trafficking in humans 1 Economic alternatives to prevent and deter trafficking According to Beyrer (2001 547) states that initiatives to enhance economic opportunities for potential victims of trafficking can be used as a method to deter trafficking since the traffickers often target people who live in poverty in the promise for better livelihood. Such initiatives may include microcredit lending programs, training in business development, skills training, and job counselling.Other alternatives as stated by Beyrer (2001 547) are the provision of grants to nongovernmental organiz ations that can help to accelerate and advance the political, economic, social, and educational roles and capacities of women in their countries. Furthermore, countries should bulge programs that promote womens participation in economic decision which can help to empower women economically as they appear to be the primary target and most vulnerable to human trafficking (Beyrer, 2001 547). 2 Public awarfareeness and informationBeyrer (2001 548) states that countries should establish and carry out programs to increase public awareness on human trafficking particularly among potential victims about the dangers of trafficking and the protections that are available for them. Beyrer (2001 548) further elaborates that governments should initiate programs to keep children, especially girls, in schools to reduce vulnerability at an early age and to educate persons who have been victims of trafficking. Moreover the development of educational curricula covering issues of human trafficking can also help to create awareness at an early stage Beyrer (2001 548). Protection and assistance for victims of trafficking According to Beyrer (2001 549) victim protection begins when a victim is rescued and reunited with their family and continues when they are help to rebuild their lives. It may include keeping victims safe from threat, violence and abuse, counselling, help with income generation, education and vocational training. Beyrer (2001 549) further states that prosecution of traffickers ensures the victim receives full justice, including meaningful prosecution of the perpetrator.It requires vigorous law enforcement, fighting corruption, identifying and monitoring trafficking routes, and cross-border coordination. Moreover, Beyrer (2001 549) further states that protection and assistance of victims can be achieved through policies or framework including government and NGO directive principles, plans and strategies, which support all of the anti-trafficking initiatives that a ssist victims. Case study 9 held for human trafficking upstarts 24 Ermelo gild Nigerian men arrested for alleged human trafficking have appeared in the Ermelo Magistrates Court, Mpumalanga police said on Tuesday. headman Leonard Hlathi said the men appeared in court on Friday, and their case was postponed to April 16 for a bail application. He said it was alleged that the men forcefully took a number of women from around the country to Ermelo, where they were forced into prostitution. They were granted R30 a day for food, and from time to time they were forced to take drugs to ensure they remained addicts. The 12 women, between the ages of 18 and 30, told the police the men took all their earnings and they were not paid for the jobs that they were doing. Home affairs officials confirmed that the suspects employ for asylum in South Africa, and according to the information in their application forms, they do not alter for asylum. He said they were being charged under the Sexua l Offences Act and for kidnapping. These men can consider themselves a bit lucky as human trafficking laws are in the process of being legislated. These acts of the suspects were simply equivalent to human trafficking. Source news24. com The above case study reflects on the reality of the problem of human trafficking in South Africa as it the case in all countries around the world.According to the case study it is evident that traffickers target mostly young women who are more vulnerable and defenceless. As already discussed trafficking is a sustained by huge profits due to exploitation of the victims, the case study further support that statement as it states that the victims were given only a little amount enough to buy food and the profit they make from forced prostitution goes to the perpetrators. Conclusion In conclusion, women, children and people in general are not property to be bought and sold, used and discarded.Rather, they are human beings with certain fundamental huma n rights that prevent them from being sold into slavery. People should therefore know their rights and exercise them and countries should unite and cooperate in the war against human trafficking because it is a very complicated problem that cannot be solved by one country as it is a multinational crime involving highly organised crime syndicates. Citizens should also assist in the war against human trafficking by avoiding flashy job opportunities which often offer unrealistic rewards.At last people should also report suspicious cases of trafficking as this victims often work in public places including restaurants, hotels and knead parlours. References Bales, K. , (2004). Disposable people New slavery in the global economy. Berkeley, CA University of California Press Beyrer, C. (2001). Shan women and girls and the sex industry in Southeast Asia Political causes and human rights implications. Journal of amicable Science and Medicine. Vol. 53. (6). Pp. 543550. Fichtelberg, A. (2008). Crime without borders An base to international criminal justice. Upper Saddle River, NJ PearsonHodge . R. & Lietz . C. A (2007). The planetary Sexual Trafficking of Women and Children . Journal of Women and Social Work. Vol. 22 (2). Pp. 163-174. Howley, S. , & Dorris, C. (2007). Legal rights for crime victims in the criminal justice system. (3rd ed. , Thousand Oaks, CA Sage. Hyland, K. (2001). Protecting human victims of trafficking An American framework. Berkeley Womens Law Journal. Vol. 16 (3). Pp. 29-71. Lehti, M. , & Aromaa, K. (2007). Trafficking in humans for sexual exploitation in Europe. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice. vol. 31 (7).Pp. 12345. Logan. T. K. , Walker . R. & Hunt . G. (2009). Understanding Human Trafficking in the United States. Trauma Violence Abuse. vol. 10. (1). Pp. 3-30 Skinner, E. B. (2008). A crime so monstrous Face-to-face with modern-day slavery. New York Free Press Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), Human tra fficking. (URL accessed 21 march 2010) http//www. state. gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2007/86205. hypertext markup language United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2010). Human trafficking. URL (accessed 20 March 2010) http//www. unodc. org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking. hypertext mark-up language