What Did Dinosaurs Really Look Like

In science, new discoveries are often interpreted within old, outmoded contexts—and nowhere is this more evident than in how the early paleontologists of the 19th century reconstructed the appearance of dinosaurs. The earliest dinosaur models displayed to the public, at Englands famous Crystal Palace exposition in 1854, depicted Iguanodon, Megalosaurus, and Hylaeosaurus as looking very much like contemporary iguanas and monitor lizards, complete with splayed legs and greenish, pebbly skin. Dinosaurs were clearly lizards, the reasoning went, and so they must have looked like lizards as well. For over a century afterward, well into the 1950s, dinosaurs continued to be depicted (in movies, books, magazines, and TV shows) as greenish, scaly, reptilian giants. True, paleontologists had established a few important details in the interim: the legs of dinosaurs werent actually splayed, but straight, and their once-mysterious claws, tails, crests, and armor plates had all been assigned to their more-or-less correct anatomical positions (a far cry from the early 19th century, when, for example, the spiked thumb of Iguanodon was mistakenly placed on its nose). Were Dinosaurs Really Green-Skinned? The trouble is, paleontologists—and paleo-illustrators—continued to be fairly unimaginative in the way they portrayed dinosaurs. Theres a good reason why so many modern snakes, turtles, and lizards are drably colored: theyre smaller than most other terrestrial animals, and need to blend into the background so as not to attract the attention of predators. But for well over 100 million years, dinosaurs were the dominant land animals on earth; theres no logical reason they wouldnt have sported the same bright colors and patterns displayed by modern megafauna mammals (such as the spots of leopards and the zig-zag stripes of zebras). Today, paleontologists have a firmer grasp of the role of sexual selection, and herd behavior, in the evolution of skin and feather patterns. Its entirely possible that the huge frill of Chasmosaurus, as well as those of other ceratopsian dinosaurs, was brightly colored (either permanently or intermittently), both to signify sexual availability and to out-compete other males for the right to mate with females. Dinosaurs that lived in herds (such as hadrosaurs) may have evolved unique skin patterns to facilitate intra-species recognition; perhaps the only way one Tenontosaurus could determine the herd affiliation of another Tenontosaurus was by seeing the width of its stripes! What Color Were Dinosaur Feathers? Theres another strong line of evidence that dinosaurs werent strictly monochromatic: the brilliantly colored plumage of modern birds. Birds—especially those that live in tropical environments, like the Central and South American rain forests—are some of the most colorful animals on earth, sporting vibrant reds, yellows, and greens in a riot of patterns. Since its pretty much an open-and-shut case that birds descended from dinosaurs, you might expect the same rules to apply to the small, feathered theropods of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods from which birds evolved. In fact, in the last few years, paleontologists have succeeded in recovering pigments from the fossilized feather impressions of dino-birds like Anchiornis and Sinosauropteryx. What theyve found, unsurprisingly, is that the feathers of these dinosaurs sported different colors and patterns, much like those of modern birds, though of course, the pigments have faded over the course of tens of millions of years. Its also likely that at least some pterosaurs, which were neither dinosaurs nor birds, were brightly colored, which is why South American genera like Tupuxuara are often depicted as looking like toucans. Some Dinosaurs Were Just Plain Dull Although its a fair bet that at least some hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, and dino-birds sported intricate colors and patterns on their hides and feathers, the case is less open-and-shut for larger, multi-ton dinosaurs. If any plant-eaters were plain grey and green, it was probably giant sauropods like Apatosaurus and Brachiosaurus, for which no evidence (or presumed need) for pigmentation has been adduced. Among meat-eating dinosaurs, theres far less evidence for coloration or skin patterns on large theropods like Tyrannosaurus Rex and Allosaurus, though its possible that isolated areas on these dinosaurs skulls were brightly colored. Modern Depiction of Dinosaurs Today, ironically, many paleo-illustrators have veered too far in the opposite direction from their 20th-century forebears, reconstructing dinosaurs like T. Rex with bright primary colors, ornate feathers, and even stripes. True, not all dinosaurs were plain grey or green, but not all of them were brightly colored, either—the same way that not all the birds in the world look like Brazilian parrots. One franchise that has bucked this garish trend is Jurassic Park; even though we have plenty of evidence that Velociraptor was covered with feathers, the movies persist in depicting this dinosaur (among numerous other inaccuracies) with green, scaly, reptilian skin. Some things never change!

The Significance of Stereotypes Illustrated in Hintons...

Stereotype, someone who is regarded as embodying or conforming to a set image or type. This is the main component of the S.E. Hinton novel The Outsiders. The stereotypes in the novel are the Socs and the Greasers. The Socs are the rich kids who don’t have to work for anything, while the Greasers are the poorer kids who have very little. They both live in the city of Tulsa, one group on the Northside and one on the Southside. Outside of these boundaries no-one knows of them but the hatred for each other still plays on their minds. In our community stereotypes play a part in life, but in The Outsiders it is the core theme of the story combining with teenage struggles. In The Outsiders the main character Ponyboy Curtis conforms to the image†¦show more content†¦It is good to see that Ponyboy can look past people’s differences and begin to like the Socs for who they are. In the city of Tulsa there is a gang war between the Greasers and Socs. When the boys left the city they found that no one knew about Greasers and Socs, so they wouldn’t get jumped or discriminated against by the cops or other gangs. Time away from Tulsa helps the main character Ponyboy, a Greaser, reflect and see there is not much difference between the Socs and the Greasers, just how others see them. Socs like Cherry and Randy help Ponyboy along the way to see through the stereotype after the death of a friend. When the church fire occurs in Windrixville and the boys are hurt, in the ambulance Jerry says he has never heard of Greasers. The stereotype of the city is undeniable with most people on the Southside Socs and the Greasers on the Northside. But outside of the city no one knows about the stereotypes, therefore, do they exist? Greasers are the main stereotype in the book but also there is a small part played by the Socs. Although the book is about the life and times of a Greaser there is also a ‘Socs Story’ in there, as throughout the book you learn more and more about the Socs and how they live. But this all changes. When Bob dies Cherry and Randy, the main Socs characters, begin to see that there is no difference between Socs and Greasers. Randy, when he talks to Ponyboy in private doesn’t call

Information And Communication Technology â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Communication Technology And Information? Answer: Introduction The organisation in the case study is a small software development company which is situated in Melbourne. The organisation was established less than 5years ago. The main working concept of the organisation is that it develops and customizes application in the specialization field of network security area and information. The client of the organisation is mainly situated in major cities of Australia and medium to small organisation. At the present time, the organisation undertakes project in order to develop applications mainly in house or to customize off the shelf software in agreement with the prospective of larger vendors. The different implementation of the technology has emerged with the concept of securing the information and network security. This factor can be estimated to be a very important factor due to the direct involvement of the security issue. On the other hand the improved security feature would incurs addition of more cost when related to small organisations who do not involve in big budget (Perlman, Kaufman and Speciner 2016). The overall scope of the organisation is limited to development of application. The company now is trying to expand its exposure into different fields in the time tenure of next five years. This expansions is mainly in the field within information and communication technology (ICT). One of the future options that is liable of implementation is that diversifying the business in providing ongoing information and security services which are related to network to service which has a presence online. These aspects would directly provide security of the organisations with it security of the client database and websites related to it. The report puts direct emphasis on the concept of information and network security. An analysis is provided on the information. Bringing into account the problems related to the implementation of the issue and the rectification dealing with the issues. Network security Network security refers to any activity which is mainly designed to provide protection in the field of integrity and usability. It can be termed as a distributed function. There are many application which may utilize the management of security that may include emails, electronic commerce, detection of intrusion and access control application. The security management aspect faces the same problem as other distributed functions face. It can be state that security management would require human presence with regards to every security device and evaluation which is done manually of all the significant events (Perlman, Kaufman and Speciner 2016). Information and network applications and its use There are mainly two types of network application softwares that are highly used. The category are pure network applications and standalone network application. Pure network applications These applications are mainly used in network areas, using the concept of pure network application on a single computer does not make much of a sense. The main motive behind the concept is that it helps in transfer data and achieve communication within a network. These applications mainly have a different, separate and a distinct interface of the user. Email program The concept of emails helps the user to write a message and communicate with each other. The message are usually written in the local node and the send across to someone on the network access area. It can be considered as the fastest and most reliable source of communication from one computer to another computer. Few example of electronic mail program (Client) can be: Outlook express Fox mail Pegasus mail Opera Poca mail File transfer protocol ( FTP) The main functionality of the protocol is the transfer of files from one computer to another for example from a client to server. There are mainly two processes involved in the protocol of file transfer Downloading: this can be stated as a process of obtaining files from the server to a workstation or can be termed as a client. The most common example is when a user download a program or a music from the server Uploading: this process can be stated as a process of obtaining files from the workstation to the server. An example of such a process is when a user attach a document file and upload it to the server, the most common example is uploading files or a photo to Facebook (Perlman, Kaufman and Speciner 2016). Standalone applications These applications runs on the stand alone computer (computer which are not connected to any other). In order to improve their activity and expand their activity they are mainly build to run on network environment for example word processors, data base management system, project management etc. they perform their desired function even when the computer is offline. Success or failure The concepts of the application can be justified with the term success as they have brought the computer communicating aspect into a whole new era. Expansion with the implementation The implementation of the above stated technology would defiantly improve the overall presentation of the business in the five years plan of advancement. The following points gives a overview of the concept Communication The overall aspects of the internet technology have been considered very much crucial for all business bodies. These concepts can be termed as a life line in order to stay in touch weather in road and responding to the customer with the customers query which should be conducted in a timely manner. Emails, social networking and text messaging are few of the field in the communication era that keeps the business running all the time Marketing The approach of reaching the business to new as well as existing customers had been very much hectic before the innovation of these technologies. Information marketing can range from a simple form of website to a search engine advertising; to online sales product. Email marketing is considered as one of the most effective and low cost related method in order to reach a large group of people in a small amount of time. Mobile marketing is a relatively new frontier that reaches the people through the aspect of text messaging (Beberlein et al. 2016). Telecommunicating Many organisation can expend their approach to proper scenario of business by enforcing telecommuting and flex time benefits. The different personals who are related to the business stay in contact from anywhere around the world. This can be achieved from the approach of emails, collaboration tools which are available over the internet and mobile computing devices. Recommendation with the organisation Recommendation 1: communication should be clear about the human resource aspects that is needed in order to deal with the customers. The human resource body is mainly who incorporates different aspect of the technology and their proper working and can also be related to the staff who use the information technology tools in order to achieve benefit from the technology Recommendation 2: development of the work and the technology do not always involve same quantity of requirement (Nevo, Nevo and Pinsonneault 2016). It can be considered as a very fundamental aspect that to take into account the fundamentals of all the requirement related to the information technology. Recommendation 3: when it comes with the concept of implementing a specie technology for a specific context it should not be taken into consideration how easy the technology is. The security management aspect faces the same problem as other distributed functions face. It can be state that security management would require human presence with regards to every security device and evaluation which is done manually of all the significant events (Perlman, Kaufman and Speciner 2016). Technology capacity, user interface, familiarity aspect regarding tools and the systems have a major impact on the use of the tools with the technology. Recommendation 4: the information technology changes very rapidly with every innovation. It has to take into account that the latest invention in a technology should be known so that lagging behind the technology is not done (German 2017). Recommendation 5: One of the future options that is liable of implementation is that diversifying the business in providing ongoing information and security services which are related to network to service which has a presence online. These aspects would directly provide security of the organisations with it security of the client database and websites related to it. Advantage or disadvantage In every sphere of technology with the predefined advantage that can be achieved from the implementation some disadvantage aspects also comes into play. Few advantage of the implementations are: Enhancing of communication and availability with the information The networking concept epically when allowed to access the internet completely, allow the means of communication that would be merely not possible if the development was not made (Trantopoulos et al . 2016). Instant message aspect can allow the users to talk with each other and create a means of medium where they can transfer files in an efficient and secured manner Highly Flexible The technology is termed as flexible because it gives the user an opportunity to explore everything around the world which are according to the user essential, such as software without affecting the overall working of the functionality concerned in the aspect (Brown 2016). On the other hand the people have the access to all the information they need to have knowledge about and need to share (Beberlein et al. 2016). Disadvantage Independence lack The process or the task that are done are on the computer, this states that the user relies more on the computer work rather than exerting their own effort on the task which is at their own hand (Nevo, Nevo and Pinsonneault 2016). On the other hand the user will be fully dependent on the main server, it means that if the system somehow breaks done the entire system would be useless (Reddy et al. 2016). Lack of robustness As stated above if the serer breaks down the entire system would be useless, also if the bridging device or the central linking server fails the entire system would come to a standstill situation and no operation can be conducted through it. There might be many illegal activities that can occur which has to be taken care of and the user should be aware of it. Security difficulties As the number of user who are using the computer network in order to get the files and share the files over the internet is enormous, a certain users security aspect would always be at a risk factor which is very much crucial. Ones the data of an individual is in the hand of any other than the intended recipient it can possess a security threat (Meurant 2016). Risk management The risk management mainly attempts to identify, control threat and access the threat objectives that can play a dominating role in the sphere of computer internet. Due to the factor of the details related to the user is very much crucial from the point of view of the customer as well as the service providers (Meurant 2016). The security aspects must take into consideration about all the steps that can be initiated in order to maintain the data. Three process can be involved in a risk management procurement: Risk assessment and analysis This can be considered as the first step in the risk management process. It mainly deals with accessing the risk that can generated from any scenario. It can impact the daily day to day activity concerned in the organisation. Affective assessment of the different aspects can considerably decrease the overall impact that the risk can create in the organisation. Risk evaluation After the analysis of the risk the risk evaluation factor is taken into account. A risk evaluation technique estimates the risk against criteria that the organisation which have been already unestablished in the above process (Ooi, K.B. and G.W.H 2016). Risk treatment and response The last step involved in the risk management is the risk treatment and the response which has to be in that context. Risk treatment is mainly the implementation of the procedures and the policies that will directly help minimizing the risk and avoid them. Risk treatment also can extend to the transfer of the risk and the financing of the risk (Beberlein et al. 2016). It is very much important to take into consideration that the risk assessment or the risk management is a continuous process. It should not be that ones the risk is identified and the rectification process is being enforced and the effect of the risk is minimized, the risk assessment or the risk management is omitted. A risk management policies of each and every organisation should be redefined in order to access the risk which are liable in the near future and necessary actions should be implemented so that the effect of the risk is minimized in the process (Meurant 2016). Conclusion Understanding of the emerging technology is a very important concept when dealing with the concepts regarding to the implementation. The result of the above report states that how different technological aspects can be used in the field of organisation, taking into account the advantages and the disadvantage that are in the concerned implementation. Recommendation is provided with the intention for providing a basic scenario which would directly affect the overall business prospective and it would sustain in the near future. One of the future options that is liable of implementation is that diversifying the business in providing ongoing information and security services which are related to network to service which has a presence online. These aspects would directly provide security of the organisations with it security of the client database and websites related to it. Recommendation Recommendation 1: communication should be clear about the human resource aspects that is needed in order to deal with the customers. The human resource body is mainly who incorporates different aspect of the technology and their proper working and can also be related to the staff who use the information technology tools in order to achieve benefit from the technology Recommendation 2: development of the work and the technology do not always involve same quantity of requirement. It can be considered as a very fundamental aspect that to take into account the fundamentals of all the requirement related to the information technology. Recommendation 3: when it comes with the concept of implementing a specific technology for a specific context it should not be taken into consideration how easy the technology is. Technology capacity, user interface, familiarity aspect regarding tools and the systems have a major impact on the use of the tools with the technology. Recommendation 4: the information technology changes very rapidly with every innovation. It has to take into account that the latest invention in a technology should be known so that lagging behind the technology is not done (German 2017). Recommendation 5: One of the future options that is liable of implementation is that diversifying the business in providing ongoing information and security services which are related to network to service which has a presence online. These aspects would directly provide security of the organisations with it security of the client database and websites related to it References Beberlein, L.T., Dias, G., Levitt, K.N., Mukherjee, B. and Wood, J., 2017. Network attacks and an Ethernet-based network security monitor. Bica, I., Naccache, D. and Simion, E., 2016. Innovative Security Solutions for Information Technology and Communications. Brown, R.S., 2016. Protocol for the Isolation and Rapid Characterization of Foreign Debris in Pharmaceutical Products Using Light and Electron Microscopy. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 22(S3), pp.1088-1089. ifti, N.P. and Delialio?lu, ., 2016. Supporting students knowledge and skills in information technology security through a security portal. Information Development, 32(5), pp.1417-1427. Diatmika, I.W.B., Irianto, G. and Baridwan, Z., 2016. Determinants of Behavior Intention Of Accounting Information Systems Based Information Technology Acceptance. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(8). Dworkin, M.J., 2016. Recommendation for block cipher modes of operation: The CMAC mode for authentication. Special Publication (NIST SP)-800-38B. German, P., 2017. Organisations have latched on to the need to secure SIP trunking solutions by implementing a Session Border Controller (SBC). The problem is that the vast majority of SBCs are considered not just one-off investments but also one-off deployments. Yet from denial of service attacks to toll fraud, SIP trunking is not only inherently vulnerable, that vulnerability continues to change and escalate. Few... Network Security, 2017(1), pp.14-16. Hemphill, T.A. and Longstreet, P., 2016. Financial data breaches in the US retail economy: Restoring confidence in information technology security standards. Technology in Society, 44, pp.30-38. Lloyd, I., 2017. Information technology law. Oxford University Press. Lloyd, I., 2017. Information technology law. Oxford University Press. Lundberg, E., 2017. How to compete effectively with self-service technologies: The impact of technology readiness and the technology acceptance model on self-scanning. Meurant, G., 2016. KERMIT: a file transfer protocol. Elsevier. Nevo, S., Nevo, D. and Pinsonneault, A., 2016. A Temporally Situated Self-Agency Theory of Information Technology Reinvention. Mis Quarterly, 40(1). Ooi, K.B. and Tan, G.W.H., 2016. Mobile technology acceptance model: An investigation using mobile users to explore smartphone credit card. Expert Systems with Applications, 59, pp.33-46. Orlikowski, W.J., Walsham, G., Jones, M.R. and DeGross, J. eds., 2016. Information technology and changes in organizational work. Springer. Perlman, R., Kaufman, C. and Speciner, M., 2016. Network security: private communication in a public world. Pearson Education India. Reddy, N., Patrick, R. and Sridharan, D.K., Qualcomm Incorporated, 2016. Systems and methods for improved trivial file transfer protocol. U.S. Patent Application 15/167,789. Teo, T., 2016. Modelling Facebook usage among university students in Thailand: the role of emotional attachment in an extended technology acceptance model. Interactive Learning Environments, 24(4), pp.745-757. Trantopoulos, K., von Krogh, G., Wallin, M.W. and Woerter, M., 2017. External Knowledge and Information Technology: Implications for Process Innovation Performance. MIS Quarterly, 41(1), pp.287-300.

Understanding Globalization

Globalization can be defined as a means of advancing reliance by forming associations or integration within the people, companies, states or zones. These associations have impacted economic growth through progressiveexchange of commodities, services, skills, innovation, investments and populations (Beerkens, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Globalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Minimum barriers to trade and investment, reduced transport expenses and reduced costs of information technology are key elements that have contributed to an increase in globalization (Doole and Lowe, 2008). In order to experience economic growth firms should apply external business venturing strategies, develop their communication systems and improve organizational capacity. On the other hand organizations that are yet to adopt these strategies have not experienced as much financial gains (Levitt, 1983). Econo mic trends within international market contribute towards development and formation of alliances and partnerships amongst companies. Such alliances require detailed agreement between partners and also provision of quality products and services capable of meeting competitive standards within target markets (Levitt, 1983). Such trends drives company’s towards restructuring their strategies such as supply concepts and practices capable of addressing complex market demands. This makes integration across supply chains one of the main challenges facing general operations of companies within target markets. However, common customer needs across markets creates some level of uncertainty to firms since it decreases sales potential of a company’s product or services within such markets (Doole and Lowe, 2008). The case study discusses ‘Indesit Company’ which is a home appliances based venture started in 1975 after firms such as Electrolux, Bosch-Siemens and Whirlpool had already established their market in such similar trade. However the company did a remarkable job to catch up with its competitors. The firm was able to enter the market successfully and expand throughout Western Europe. Products and services should be dispatched to various market segments based on consumer needs. Success of any business venture within global market environment is determined by the level of satisfaction consumers are able to obtain from products supplied. Other ways of maximizing company’s customer base involves formation of partnerships and alliances which enables organizations to concentrate on their businesses as well as exploring new business avenues. This company was formed at a time when it was manufacturing a range of domestic appliances and owned oversees locations in Western European Markets. However, Vittorio soon acknowledged that the business locality disfavored his idea of innovative managerial practices and adoption of technology. He had to rely on external concepts to grow his business. He had received advanced skills in work ethics from his father and also acquired the latest means of production from his suppliers and consultants.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The firm developed progressively while facing the challenges of internationalization. Surprisingly they even survived the prevailing strong competition within the industry and still achieved growth that earned them their current position in the market. However, the company would later be challenged to either progress its mission to be Europe’s largest home appliances firm or to join in the global trade. They were also faced with the issue of analyzing the dilemma surrounding implementation of appropriate global business strategies, considering that some of their direct competitors already had a major global presence. The market risks within the global domain as described in this context could be posed by factors such as fluctuations in currency and political instability within some regions such as Middle East. After various acquisitions, Indesit had established its presence in most of Europe with an exception of Germany and Turkey. There was also poor performance in the Scandinavian zone. Even while trying to consider the option of going Global and that of maintaining their European Base, management through leadership of Milani could not ignore the absence of Indesit from Germany. The fact that there was no presence of Indesit in Germany was an advantage to its biggest competitor that enjoyed uninterrupted business in its domestic market. Whereas the biggest consumer of domestic appliances is United Kingdom, Germany had the largest population in Western Europe. The major challenge of Germany was that it was a super aggressive market that had the presence of well-established companies like Carrefour that catered for client s with a desire for German quality products. The market situation in Germany was defined as â€Å"a black hole† by the strategy director of Indesit Company, Giuseppi Salvucci. This was because of the impenetrable state of the market for foreign firms. He also included the Scandinavian and Turkish market in this category as it had little or no presence of Indesit. The best remedy for the German challenge would be to purchase a highly rated German brand. This is clearly evident from the market penetration strategy adopted by its competitor like Whirlpool. According to Beamish and Lupton (2009), companies stand a good chance of exploring other sales avenues, gaining expertise, acquiring new abilities and assets by practicing joint ventures. However it may prove difficult to administer the joint ventures owing to the ownership structure that may involve more than one institution. This could be used as a scope for Indesit expansion in Germany and a probable solution for the Scandi navian market as well.In the case of Turkey, initially the market growth played to the advantage of Indesit’s rapid progression, however, the growth and market presence of the local leading brand Arcelik was of no match to fast moving Indesit, since Arcelik was domestic market leader in home appliances products within Turkish market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Globalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to gain competitive strength in Turkey, Indesit would need tomake crucial marketing investments and probably the purchase of a domestic competitor with a reputable brand in order to connect with the local people (Doole and Lowe, 2008). There was a strong need to indulge in some kind of cooperation. It was still the opinion of Indesit’s director that the transformations being experienced in the market called for adaptation of a global business consideration. The company would then start an examination of the Chinese and Indian market to diversify their consumer base and increase global presence. Indesit acquired a dishwasher plant in China that earned them first-hand information about the Chinese market (Doole and Lowe, 2008). Diagnosing Industry Globalization Potential It is important for companies to organize their market channels and structures based on principles of globalization for success to be realized. In such a case it is necessary for companies to consider consumer needs both in local and international markets and utilize appropriate and effective channels capable of satisfying such needs. Several paradigms influences operations of channel structures some of which include; system flow paradigm, views on product categorization, relationship paradigm and use of power (Rosenbloom and Larsen, 2008). System flow paradigm represents processes and activities taking place within organizations in global markets. Such organizations and institutio ns operate under wholesalers, sales agents and retailers and form the necessary link channel between producers and consumers which is an important aspect within global marketing. The success of marketing strategies such as brand positioning depends on level of coordination and management of available channels of distribution. However, introduction of new technologies such as internet have improved levels of operations making it possible for consumers to transact business direct with producers without involving any intermediaries. Divergent view on product categories is also another factor which incorporates different perceptions accorded to particular goods by manufacturers and consumers. In this case, producers focus on efficiencies involved during production processes while consumers focus on the benefits that can be derived from using same products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Relationship Paradigm refers to associations existing amongst those involved in global business transactions. In such partnerships there are various effects such as conflict of goals, objectives and opinions amongst the suppliers, retailers and consumers. Such conflicts create some difficulties in the normal operations within distribution channels (Rosenbloom, 2007). In the year 2007, Western Europe markets were experiencing plenty of growth and there was also an increase in the number of bulk traders, which refers to companies dealing with manufacture and distribution of products in large quantities. As a matter of fact some of the small franchises were transforming themselves in order to achieve an international status. Firms like Wal-Mart and Carrefour had a presence in the United States, Europe respectively and also in Asia and all traded in appliances. The approach of the appliance franchises had an authoritative effect on the market and changed market trends. Clients encounter ed comparable packages that had relatively similar items or functions. Sales persons were depended upon to guide the clients to the available goods that would deliver beneficial transaction to both the vendor and sales person. While this remained to be the case, there appeared to be a shift in the European market in 2007. The demolition of the Berlin wall which was a considerate economic barrier between the West and East Germany extended the German market scope from Lisbon to Moscow. Having been the initial occupant of the said markets, Indesit had a first mover advantage thereby benefitting from its outstanding market stake. As a result of these expansions the management considered to effectively restructure its business practices to enable different roles by different groups or divisions. One group was focused on the struggle between established contenders in Western Europe and the other was to advance aggressively to encounter the potentials of Russian and former Soviet Union Mar kets. The approach was later to tailor by Marco Milani to offer discrete services. This divisional approach helped them effectively focus on the competitive challenges of each region of operation and expansion. Moreover, various strategies such as market research are implemented in the process of diagnosing industry globalization potential. The company modified its strategies for the purposes of providing separate organizations for Italy and United Kingdom. There is significant difference between mature and emerging markets depending on relative strength of various distribution channels such as wholesalers and retailers (Levitt, 1983). However, developing markets presents opportunities for development of strong brands based on the nature of product and the distribution channels used. For instance, Europe presents one of the largest markets for industrial goods hence accounted for over thirty percent of total global market share. The second largest market for industrial goods was Asi a also with market share of over 30%, followed with United States at approximately 22% and other markets of the world in combination providing up-to over 13%. However, market for home appliances as produced by Indesit was identified to be highly competitive in China despite the market being dominated by domestic brands. Building Global Market Participation There is necessity for companies to build their global marketing participation through integration of supply chain processes and creation of workable marketing strategies within each specified market environments. Such strategies require effective means through which costs of operations are reduced while improving customer service levels. Indesit Company faced problems in increasing scale and internalization due to its expansive operations within highly volatile global business environment. However, application of standardized technology within dynamic supply chain planning processes could assist in building quality supply chain o perations and ensuring efficiency across entire supply chain (Lovins et al., 1999). At the same time implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning systems, movement of information across organizations and the overall implication of standardization of business processes determine the extent to which Indesit could engage in supply chain integration. This is enabled through incorporation of automation and streamlining of various planning, scheduling and execution processes at wholesale and retailing levels within supply chain. At the same time the industrial marketplace is reformed through intensive inter-firm communications across regions, this is made possible through Integrated Marketing Communication Mix (IMC). These assisted in creation of efficient international markets through trade links. Moreover, incorporation of enterprise information infrastructure and intensive use of social media led to application of variety of supply chain optimization technologies. IMC comprises of bu siness processes capable of providing companies with necessary assistance in the process of building and reinforcing their relationships through communication. Efficient communication between companies, customers and stakeholders involves various aspects extending beyond application of traditional marketing communication tools such as use of word of mouth. This is the reason as to why multinational firms prefer the use of IMC within their business and marketing operations which enables them to reach targeted international market segments effectively within shortest time possible. IMC ensures that consumers receive up-dated and adequate information concerning company’s products and services within the market (Lindgreen and Finn, 2005). Designing Global Products and Services Indesit Company started with designing Europe’s home appliances and at the same time focused in building modern, progressive enterprise through massive investment in modern technology. The company sa w the need to tackle issues with products and services within Germany which included quality of products, improvement in sourcing and design efficiencies, re-balancing manufacturing locations and at the same time upgrading the company’s brand image. Indesit Company identified home appliance industry as one of the key turning points within the second industrial revolution. These included manufacturing of products such as refrigerators, electric and gas stoves, washing machines which marked significant point in the economic development of the company. Success of designed products and services within the market is fully dependent on process of naming and branding. Indesit Company made the process part of its regular activities done by marketing department within regions of operation. The naming of their products, services is aligned towards fulfilling some level of uniqueness including the market position of products. Branding a Company using globally recognized name makes it ea sier for consumers to identify with the specific category of their products and services (Doole and Lowe, 2008). The company has also considered presenting products in a language that can easily identify with global market environment. Indesit utilized the art of brand positioning for the purposes of solving marketing problems within Germany. This was done through acquisition of well-regarded German brand. Every region demanded unique product characteristics and delivery processes. However, Indesit brand became the core brand of the company and operated alongside four other brands such as Hotpoint, Scholtes, Stinol and Cannon. Since the knowledge about the brand plays an important role, major marketing investments were required to increase brand awareness. Also acquisition of locally based strong brand could be utilized in order to penetrate emerging markets with such new products and services. Home appliances required meaningful names structured from incorporation of such elements as color, symbol, and logotype (Larson and Lush, 1992). The success of Indesit’s brand can be attributed to the nature of brand language which comprises various communication elements. The strategy used by the company in branding their products and services within various European and Scandinavia regions involves verbal and visual components. The company’s nature on brand evolution aims at being attractive to various consumer categories as well as multiple cultures. This ultimately represents the best means of breaking existing communication barriers within market environment (Larson and Lush, 1992). Locating Global Activities The company kept on pushing forward and moving into other nations within former USSR. Most likely, its competitive advantage resulted into more profitable activities. According to Hopwood, Mellor and O’Brien (2005), the structure of industry associated with Indesit Company contributes towards the provision of innovative opportunities. Due to favorable structural attributes within the global market where Indesit operates, the firm has the capability of capturing significant market share. Structural attributes of the company within market includes factors such as, ease of entry to the market and the level of bargaining power (Hopwood et al., 2005). Resource-based view of the company considers the presence of many firms within the industry and therefore prefers dealing with diversified products having direct effect on the varying performance of the company. Therefore, firms that are operating based on high standards of marketing strategies benefits from such competitive advantages (Sharma and Vredenbrug, 1998). Market segmentation presents companies with the opportunity of satisfying specific consumer needs and desires. Some organizations implement successful marketing strategies which enables them take advantage of globalization hence gaining competitive advantage. Such strategies should encompass appropriate allocatio n of company’s resources enabling profit maximization within international market. However, nature of entry into emerging markets applied by multinationals determines to a large extent its impact on consumers and level of market penetration. Some markets are better penetrated through formation of joint ventures and alliances with domestic organizations. The situation could clearly be identified within Brazilian market where Electrolux and Bosch enjoyed larger percentage of the market. Such situations vary amongst countries. For instance, market for home appliances seems intensely concentrated within Latin America region, despite contributing significant amount of return on capital compared to other regions within global market. Creating Global Marketing One of the most important aspects in global marketing is the development of global brands having same characteristics in all markets. Nature of global branding plays an important role in advancing company products since it con tributes towards creation of company’s economies of scale and at the same time gives the company competitive global image. Large economies of scale at times prove profitable in the process of ascertaining and reducing operational costs within the marketplace (Alden et al, 1999). Application of unique global brand assists in development of company’s image hence making it easier use of specific advertising strategy acceptable internationally. Such procedures enables the company to reduce overall operational costs. At the same time, global brands are known of their ability to deliver quality products hence are considered trustworthy. However, before a brand attracts consumers within the global market there should be strong local support from domestic market based on quality delivery. However, research done on global advertisement revealed that success of an advertising campaign within domestic market may sometimes not necessarily deliver the same results within internatio nal market segments. Such results calls for extensive research on the level of effectiveness such advertising methods can deliver in some regions before company’s product and services are dispatched to such markets such differences are based on culture and beliefs. The company requires intensive advertising and promotion of its brand known as â€Å"Indesit†. Other brands included are; Hotpoint, Scholtes, Stinol and Cannon. However, the company at some point decided to drop all other brands and focused in marketing them under a single brand i.e. Indesit. Such oorganizations as Indesit use different promotional techniques to move their products and services into the market for the purposes of gaining stability within the market. The aim is to stimulate demand for a product and increase the sales volumes within the market (Magretta, 2002). Towards understanding the role promotions play in placing and positioning products in the market, Indesit Company attempts to analyse the impact of other companies on their product promotion techniques and the influence on market position of such products in the global market. Such marketing research is influenced by the knowledge that companies ideally use competitive promotional techniques for the purposes of gaining competitive advantage in the global market (Doole and Lowe, 2008). A typical example is where Indesit Company attempted to create awareness of its large pool of products through sponsorship activities and also partnering with companies that are already established within domestic target markets. Other strategy used involved investing a large portion of its profits in the past by sponsoring various activities. Making Global Competitive Moves Indesit Company faced some radical changes in order to conform to the nature of competition within global market. Major causes of such competition included application of modern technology and tension within global markets. Such occurrences have made the company to adjust and modify various aspects within its mode of operations for the purposes of satisfying consumer demand. Indesit adjusted its operational costs in order to cater for final pricing of its commodities within the market. Various market segments have different expectations some of which include; quality, affordable prices of commodities, nature of delivery, desire for customized services as well as flexibility amongst other factors (Rosenbloom and Larsen, 2008). Such considerations have ensured adequate changes within business strategies for the company. Indesit Company has undergone tremendous changes aimed at strengthening its presence within the global market such as strengthening its brand image through use of one umbrella brand name. Some of the changes aimed at increasing its competitive moves which included initiating and implementing appropriate communication mix and business models within various emerging markets. Such model incorporates different reporting structures enabling substituent companies and regions to communicate efficiently with company headquarters. Application of such business strategy enables the company to specialize in supplying various forms of home appliances and at the same time making use of decentralization of their activities (Doole and Lowe, 2008). This has well been utilized through formation of alliances and Joint Ventures with other companies (Beamish and Lupton, 2009). Moreover, the marketing strategies applied by the company have ensured efficient delivery of products to consumers. Conclusion Various challenges within the market made Indesit Company to significantly consider prices of products and services. This is since related products from other competitors were on the rise. This had a direct impact on the companies’ profit margins. However, most of the senior managers are recorded as continually tackling supply chain issues based on operational matters rather than strategic. Product and service supplies a re recorded as having increased operational costs experienced across board. Pressure exerted on the company products justifies their demand from consumers. This represents some level of wake-up call for the entire business based on increased costs incurred at the backbone of the business. Integration of all elements within supply chain is identified as most critical for the purposes of enabling sustainability as well as organic growth for the entire business. References Beamish, P Lupton, N. (2009). Managing joint ventures. Academy of Management, 5 (1): 75-94. Beerkens,  E. (2006).  Globalisation: Definitions and Perspectives. Web. Doole,  I., Lowe,  R. (2008).  International Marketing Strategy – Analysis, Development and Implementation. Web. Hopwood, B., Mellor, M., O’Brien, G. (2005).Sustainable Development: Mapping Different Approaches.Sustainable Development, (13): 38-52. Larson, P. D. Lusch, R. F. (1992). Functional integration in marketing channels: A Determinant of product quality and total cost, Journal of MarketingChannels, 2(1)1-28. Levitt, T. (1983). The globalization of markets. Harvard Business Review,  (6): 92-102 Lovins, A., Lovins, H., Hawken, P. (1999).A road-map for Natural Capitalism.  Harvard Business Review, 77(3): 145-158. Magretta, J. (2002). Why business models matter. Harvard Business Review, 22 (80):86-92. Rosenbloom B., (2007). Multi-Channel Strategy in Business-to-Business Markets: Prospects and Problems. Industrial Marketing Management, (1), 4-9. Rosenbloom B. Larsen T., (2008) .Wholesalers as global marketers.  Journal of Marketing Channels,15(1), 235-252. Sharma, S. Vredenbrug, H. (1998). Proactive corporate environmental strategy and The development of competitively valuable organizational capabilities. Strategic management journal, (19): 729-753. This essay on Understanding Globalization was written and submitted by user Jimena Stephenson to help you with your own studies. 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