Chemistry and Society Essay

Chemistry is very important in our lives even though we may not realize that chemistry is everywhere. This paper serves to examine the ways in which chemistry is relevant in everyday life and in society. It will also examine the difference between accuracy and precision and provide examples of when accuracy and precision are crucial in measurements and why society depends on these measurements to be accurate and precise ( Tam 2012). Chemistry in Society  When we turn on the tap and fill a glass with water and drink it, we are benefitting from the chemical process that removes impurities from water, providing us with clean drinking water. When we use a laundry detergent to remove a stubborn stain from clothing, we are able to do so because of a chemical reaction. The medicines that heal us are a result of a chemical reaction within our bodies. The time-released medicines that we take, delay certain chemical reactions until our bodies need them. There are chemical reactions happening around us every second of every day. Chemistry also plays a role in assuring that we protect and preserve our planet. Green chemistry or sustainable chemistry is the branch of chemistry that focuses on ways to reduce the damage to our environment through waste prevention, proper waste disposal, and identifying renewable energy sources (Ravichandran, 2011). Precision vs. Accuracy Precision is the state of being exact and the ability of a measurement to be reproduced consistently (â€Å"precision†, n. d. ). Accuracy is the freedom from mistakes that arise as a result of being careful (â€Å"accuracy†, n. . ). Precision incorporates the element of time whereas accuracy is the correctness of a single event. You can achieve precision if you do something accurately and consistently over time. In science, the precision of a number lies in the number of reported digits. The greatest amount of precision of measurement is with numbers with the greatest number of digits and the least amount of precision of a measurem ent is with numbers with the fewest number of digits ( Chapter 2, Measurement and Problem Solving, 2009). Society relies on the accuracy and precision of measurements in many areas of our lives. The manufacturing industry relies on the accuracy of measurements when manufacturing components that must be assembled to produce an end product. If the measurements of each component aren’t correct, you will not be able to assembly the product. Manufacturing requires precision because each part must be cut exactly the same as the previous one. Have you ever purchased a product that required assembly and found that one of the pieces was cut incorrectly and thus the product could not be assembled properly? We rely on the precision and accuracy of the manufacturing process to deliver us goods that assembly the way they should. Another area where society relies on the precision and accuracy of measurements is the medical field. When a doctor prescribes a medication to a patient, the accuracy of the measurements of the medicine is crucial. If too much is prescribed, it could be deadly; if too little is prescribed it may not be effective in producing the desired results. Accuracy and/or Precision of Measurements There are several types of tools we use to measure; some are more accurate than others. When a doctor prescribes a medication, he uses ml instead of ounces. While both are forms of liquid measure, the ml is the most precise measure because it has smaller increments than the ounce. If we were talking about the amount of soda in a can, the use of ounces is an accurate enough measure because that does not require the same type of precision as the dispensing of medication. We us a watch or clock for the measurement of time. We measure time in seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months and years. The measurement of time using seconds is the most precise and accurate unit of measure when measuring time. With current technology, a sprinter’s time can be recorded in fractions of a second. With the addition of auto start and auto finish, the clock begins when the starting gun is fired. The clock stops when the sprinter crosses the finish line which is a beam that stretches across the finish line. Determining the winner of a 100m dash requires precise and accurate measurement because in many instances the sprinters are so close that it is difficult to determine the winner of a race. Before auto start and finish, the sprinter’s time was recorded by people using a stopwatch. The stopwatch was started at the sound of the gun firing and was stopped when you saw some body part cross the finish line. This method was subject to human error. There were fractions of a second lost in human reaction time to what they saw and heard. The addition of the auto start and finish has provided the needed increase of precision and accuracy. Times are measured with a precision of . 001 seconds. Conclusion Chemistry is relevant and present in our everyday lives. Now, in the morning when you boil an egg too long and the yolk turns a grayish color, know that is a chemical reaction taking place. When an egg is boiled for too long at high temperatures, ferrous sulfur is produced and that is what causes the grayish color on the yolk (Karukstis, 2003). We can now appreciate why a doctor gives us our medications in ml and not ounces because we know that ml are a more precise measure than ounces. We have and continue to rely on the precise and accurate measurement in so many aspects of our lives even if we don’t realize that we do.

Immorality of Excessive Gambling Essay

Excessive gambling is immoral because it causes people to exhaust their resources on an activity with uncertain results which can result to bigger problems in the end. Those who gamble should practice moderation in their ways so that they will be able to avoid the possibilities of gambling dependency on one’s future and of drying-up one’s financial resources just to satisfy an earthly pleasure. Instead of going to casinos and playing card games on a regular basis, people should only do so as a pastime so that they can a lot most of their time to more rewarding activities that are certain to compensate for their efforts. If a person gambles too much, the tendency of the individual is to use most—if not all—of his financial resources just to satisfy his desire to gamble (Kusyszyn, 1984). An excessive gambler does not mind if the odds of winning are small compared to the odds of losing. Moreover, an excessive gambler no longer minds if the money he has gambled has already reached to amounts that are already way beyond the ordinary. The excessive gambler, therefore, is so devoted to spending a luxurious amount in the hopes of winning his bet which, if he did win, he will then again use to gamble. While the case of an excessive gambler is not always beyond repair, the damages that his deeds can inflict not only to himself but also to his family can certainly alter the course of their lives for the worse, if not the worst. For one, financial debt can never be far behind because an excessive gambler will find ways just to fuel his addiction—including loans either from lending institutions or other people. This will certainly affect the financial security of himself and of his family. Another thing is that excessive gambling can lead to loss of time for work and for the family. If the excessive gambler losses time for his work, there is a great chance that he will be losing his job which can cut-off his or his family’s source of income. The loss of time for the family is also negative consequence because it causes family members to lose emotional bond. If the gambler is a father, there is the risk that his children will no longer see him as a fatherly figure or, probably worse, they may reach the point where they will no longer miss his presence in the household while he is out in the casinos gambling. More importantly, excessive gambling is immoral because it takes away the opportunity for families to develop and grow in many ways. Instead of spending the money on gambling, the money could have been better spent on household furniture, on paying monthly bills, family vacation and other things that could have brought the family closer together. The latter options are certainly the better options to take instead of gambling too much. The omission of these good options in exchange for the worse option is certainly not a moral thing to do when the person could have just chosen the option that was primarily beneficial to everybody in the household and its future. From a utilitarian perspective, disregarding the option that maximizes benefits to the most number of individuals concerned is not the moral thing to do (Freeman, 1994). Thus, excessive gambling is immoral from a utilitarian standpoint. Aristotle’s philosophy of moderation suggests that human beings should avoid the extremes because the excess and the deficiency of anything are vices whereas the moderation of it is considered to be a virtue (Yu, 1998). The same principle can be applied to contemporary gambling. For example, an individual’s deficiency of playing slot machines in casinos or anywhere else where there ways to gamble is considered as a vice. On the other hand, spending too much time, attention and resources on playing poker in a Las Vegas casino is also considered to be a vice. The best option that should be taken is a moderate gambling practice because, according to Aristotle, the moderate way is the virtuous way which can lead to the good life. Instead of going regularly to casinos or spending more time in the race track than in the household, the excessive gambler should practice moderating his addiction. He can instead cut the time and money he is spending on his vices and devote more of them to his family. He can also choose to work harder in the office or spend more time with his children so that he will have less time for gambling. The bright side to that is that he becomes less of a person addicted to gambling while being more of a normal person at the same time. The point is not to siphon all of your time, resources and attention to gambling as it deprives you of some of life’s better activities. It does not mean, however, that the person should altogether abandon gambling. The thing is that gambling can still be a part of a person’s life, only that this time around gambling is no longer an addiction but rather a leisurely activity spent for pastime. In fact, moderate gambling can be a source of emotional bond for family members especially for the adult parents. For instance, a couple can decide to go on vacation in Las Vegas and spend a bit of time and money in a casino where they can play together for fun. If they lose, not much is lost because the primary goal was to establish more emotional bond together. If they win, however, their financial winnings can be considered as mere ‘bonuses’ to their primary intent. This perhaps best explains why gambling can also be a good deed so long as it is within moderate limits. It is easy to see and understand why excessive gambling is immoral. For the most part, it is a menace that tears down family bond and deprives people of spending their lives on better activities. Although excessive gambling is immoral, the moderation of gambling can still be considered as a good thing for it can also bring families closer together. References Freeman, S. (1994). Utilitarianism, Deontology, and the Priority of Right Utilitarianism, Deontology, and the Priority of Right. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 23(4), 313-349. Kusyszyn, I. (1984). The Psychology of Gambling. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 474, 133-145. Yu, J. (1998). Virtue: Confucius and Aristotle. Philosophy East and West, 48(2), 323-347.

The Life of Saudi Arabia

The Life Of Saudi Arabia The life of Saudi Arabia is a culture that is different than any country and Region. Saudi Arabia is located in the middle east on the other side of the world over 860,000 miles away from the U. S. The most common language for Saudi Arabia is Arabic (6 million) the other two are are spoken by Saudi’s Nejdi Arabic (8 million) and the Persian Gulf(1. 5 million) Saudi Arabia has a religion than no other country has, there religion is Muslim anyone that doesn’t believe in Muslim has death penalty but their hasn’t been any recent confirmed reports about that in a couple of years.The last Christian that was there was told to leave Saudi Arabia in 1985. They only believe in one god that they call Allah, they pray three times a day, there religious for there holiday is Ramadan, It is a time when Muslims around the world focus on prayer, fasting, giving to charity, and religious devotion. The last third of Ramadan is a particularly holy period, th ey read the Quran which is similar to the bible. They aren’t allowed to celebrate Christmas or Easter .The police go around and make sure there isn’t any Christians there. Saudi Arabia is the world second largest country in the Asia. Its population is estimated to consisted of 16 million citizens and an additional 9 million registered foreign people and 2 million illegal immigrants. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was found by Abdul-Aziz Bin Saud known for his career as Ibn Saud. The Saudi government has been an absolute monarchy since its inception and it describes itself as being Islamic.Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam and the kingdom is sometimes called â€Å"the land of the two holy mosques† in reference of Al-masjid al Haram(in Mecca),and Al-masjid al nabawi(in medina) the two holiest places in the Islam. Saudi Arabia has the second largest oil reserves which are concentrated largely in the Eastern Province. Oil accounts for more than 95% of exports and 70% of government revenue although the share of the non-oil economy has been growing recently.This has facilitated the transformation of an undeveloped desert kingdom into the worlds wealthiest nations. Vast oil revenues have permitted rapid modernization such as the welfare state. It has the worlds 6th largest gas reserves. It is the only country that women aren’t allowed to drive. Every adult women has to have a close male relative to be her† guardian† you explain them as minors with very little authority over their own life’s. The guardian is entitled to make a number of critical decisions on a women’s behalf.These include giving approval to the women to travel, to hold some types of business licenses, to study at a university or college and to work if the type of the business isn’t deemed appropriate for a women. Even when a guardians approval isn’t legally required they still sometimes ask for it. Women are also said to faced disc rimination in the courts where the testimony of one man equals that to two women and in family and inheritance law. Polygamy is permitted for men that they can divorce their wife without needing any legal justification.A women can only divorce with the consent of her husband or judicially if her husband harmed her. Cultural norms impose restrictions on women when their in public and these are enforced by the religious police the Matawa. They include requiring the women to sit in separate designed family sections in restaurants to wear a abaya which is a loose fitting full length black cloak covering the entire body and to conceal their hair, Men have to wear headdress(scarf).There is also effectively a ban on women driving. Men marry girls as young as ten in Saudi Arabia. Child marriage is believed to hinder women’s education. The dropout rates for girls increases around puberty as they exchange education for marriage. Roughly about 25% college aged young women do not attend college in 2005 and 2006 there was a 60% dropout rate. Female literacy is estimated to be around 70% compared to men with 85%. The men think that women are weak no matter how high their status’s are.Although some Saudi’s would like more freedom the women have said they didn’t want any radical change. Education is free at all levels. The school systems is composed to Elementary, intermediate, and secondary schools. A large part of the curriculum at all levels is devoted to Islam and at the secondary level students are able to follow religious or a technical track. Girls are able to attend school. The portion is reflected to in the rate of literacy which exceeds to 85% among males and 70% of females. Classes are segregated by gender.The Saudi public school religious curriculum continues on that they have hate towards in the â€Å"unbeliever â€Å" which is christian,jews,Shiites,sufis,sunni Muslims who do not follow the wahhabi doctrine, Hindus atheists and othe rs . The Saudi religious studies the curriculum is taught outside of the kingdom of Madrashed throughout the world. Critics have described the education systems as â€Å"medieval† and that their goal is to maintain the rule of the absolute monarch by casting it as the ordained protector of the faith and that Islam s at war with all the other faiths and cultures. Traditional music is generally associated with with poetry and sung collectively. Instruments include the rababah, an instrument not unlike a 3 string fiddle, and various types of percussion instruments such as the tabl(drum) and the tar(tambourine). Of the native dances the most popular is a martial line dance known as the ardah which includes lines of men frequently armed with swords or rifles dancing to the drums and the tambouries. Bedouin pottery is very popular in Saudi Arabia.Football is the national sport in Saudi Arabia scuba diving, sailing and basketball are very popular also played by both men and women. M ore traditional sports as camel racing became popular in 1970’s. A stadium in Riyadh holds races in the winter . The annual camel race began in 1974 its one of the most important sports constants and attracts animals and riders throughout the country. The conclusion is that people in the Saudi Arabia live a very rough life especially the women being controlled/disrespected by men! We should thank god everyday that we don’t live a life like they do!

Subculture, Taste Culture and Counterculture Theory Essay

Subculture, Taste Culture and Counterculture Theory - Essay Example An analysis of subculture, counterculture and taste culture theories must also be thrown into the mix, for they also help explain music scenes and the impact that scenes have on society, and vice versa. Lastly, a broader view may be taken by examining rock and music from a sociological perspective, as scenes are not just emblematic of their localities but are also a part of a larger societal fabric that encompasses larger groups and people, and it is also helpful to place scenes into a certain time as well. Therefore, this paper aims to explicate each of these topics, as well as present examples of particular musical scenes, to show how and why society is impacted by these scenes. Music scenes, and music in general, must be understood as influential by examining the scene’s role in the larger discussion of culture. â€Å"Culture† is a general term for how an individual finds meaning and collectively make sense of his or her world (Cushman, 1996, p. 7). It is how partici pants interpret events and communication to understand the modern world, and is the outcome of concrete experiences of the individual social actors in their social world. It is through making culture that individual and collective identities are formed (Cushman, 1996, p. 7). Culture has its roots in mans relationship to other men and to nature. (Hall, 1964, p. 318).

Culture and communication in the global hospitality workplace Essay

Culture and communication in the global hospitality workplace - Essay Example Thus, in order to improve the productivity of hotel business, it is necessary to understand the consumers’ needs. It is worth mentioning that in order to overcome the cultural conflicts and misunderstandings, an intellectual training program was introduced in 1960 (Gong, 2008). The primary goal of this intellectual training program was to avoid the clash of different cultural values and norms. The training also helps to improve the performance of employees and efficiency of an organization (Gong, 2008). Contextually, the objective of this essay is to identify the relevancy of culture and communication to the global hospitality workplace. Cultural conflicts occur at instances when people stop communicating with other who belongs from different cultures, which leads to miscommunication or break of further communication. In hospitality industry, the management body requires understanding the varied needs and demands of customers from different cultures, and wherein only good communication skill can help them to increase their understandings. This in turn supports the organization to increase its productivity. However, it is also required for the managers to identify the causes of conflicts and solve those accordingly. The managers should also develop an intellectual communication skill to be successful in the global hospitality market (Gong, 2008). In the hospitality management process, there are four rules to establish intellectual communication skill. One of such rules is that it is necessary to understand the cultural differences. Moreover, it is also needed to describe or evaluate other’s behavior. It is also important to understand the viewpoints of other people. In addition, one should not hesitate to gather information of others and their culture as it reduces the possibility of misinterpretation or miscommunication. Communicating effectively in a hospitality

N1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

N1 - Assignment Example Communication is one of the primary steps that can dissolve the â€Å"silo† culture of care. The independence and autonomy practice by patients, care teams, organizations, and the healthcare environment should be replaced with interdependence between them (Yong & Olsen, 2010). All the highlighted stakeholders should collaborate in the provision of care to ensure that the goals of care are effectively met. Although the autonomy of each of the above should be maintained, the independence aspect should be replaced with cooperation and collaboration. In other words, all the above stakeholders should work together, instead of operating as single and independent units. A delivery model that seeks to dissolve the â€Å"silo† culture should also encompass redesigning the relations aspect of the model in a way that defines proper relationships between all the stakeholders involved. On the same note, the objectives and goals of health care should be formulated and implemented at an organizational level, as opposed to department-based pursuits of achieving these goals and objectives (Yong & Olsen, 2010). With that, each of the aforementioned stakeholders would partially contribute towards the final outcome. That is to say, the primary goals would be the summation of the achievement of the stakeholders and their

Human Rights and Anti-Terrorsm Legislation Essay

Human Rights and Anti-Terrorsm Legislation - Essay Example The primary Human Rights document in the United Kingdom is the Human Rights Act 1998. The Human Rights Act 1998 received royal assent on November 9, 1998 and came into force on October 2, 2000. The objective of said Act was to harmonize the domestic law of the United Kingdom with the European Convention on Human Rights and to provide for stricter human rights guarantees to be followed by all states. The provisions on free speech, freedom of assembly and due process all impact heavily on the criminal justice system in the United Kingdom. On the other hand, the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in November of 2001, a mere two months after the historic 9-11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City. Criticized by many for the undue haste in its passage, with concerns of political pressure being raised, the law in its original form contained passages that human rights groups deemed to be violative of established human rights principles. Amidst the outrage surrounding the 911 attacks, the Anti-Terror Law was heralded as a measure to combat the worldwide phenomenon of terrorism and to arrest its spread and development. Legal scholars and free speech advocates, however, unite in condemning the law for trampling constitutionally-protected liberties. There is also the possibility that the law might give rise to or at least encourage racial profiling, particularly the provisions on proscription of terrorist organizations. It might further alienate minority groups and exace rbate the political violence by radicalizing "moderate" groups. Human rights advocates scored a victory when the Law Lords ruled that a provision in the Law allowing the indefinite detention of foreign terrorist suspects was contrary to human rights principles. Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead, in his ruling, said: "Indefinite imprisonment without charge or trial is anathema in any country which observes the rule of law." This decision was reached when nine detainees lodged their appeal before the Court. Indeed, due process is a fundamental principle of human rights. Criminal justice in any mature society always involves a balance of two competing interests: the need to protect the rights of the accused, and the need to combat crime and instill peace and order in society. "Legally, a crime is any act or omission proscribed by the criminal law and thus punishable by the state through the criminal justice system" (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 2005) Legal systems in the civilized world - whether in civil or common law jurisdictions -- have, at least in theory, given primacy to the rights of the accused, understanding that ambiguity should be resolved in his or her favor. The anti-terror legislation of the United Kingdom unfortunately appears to have forgotten this notion. This comes as little surprise, certainly, given its beginnings that would make many a human rights advocate flinch. Post-911 anti-terror legislation in the UK is heavily laden with the baggage of American anti-war rhetoric which in turn smacks of prejudice, bigotry and an abject refusal to honor human rights prin

Nike Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nike Globalization - Essay Example Being the famous global sports brand, Nike is very much impacted by the changes that have been taking place in the global economic environment. This essay includes the discussion regarding the impact of globalization on Nike and its strategies. Task 1 Globalization is the key force that has changed the business scenario throughout the world significantly. Globalization which may be considered as the integrated internationalization of organizations as well as markets has impacted the corporations both positively and adversely. Today products are not manufactured for domestic customers only rather they are produced for the customers who are spread throughout the world. The world wide accessibility of internet, significant improvements in supply-chain logistics have led to a situation where companies can locate themselves anywhere in the world (Wheelen & Hunger, 2010). On the flip side, organizations have experienced the adverse effect of globalization as well. For instance, the mortgag e crisis that took place in US became a global financial crisis due to the integration of the financial systems of various countries and this integration is actually the result of globalization (Wheelen & Hunger, 2010).... However, original products of Nike are not available everywhere, instead of that products that are actually produced by the company’s franchisees are sold by using the Nike’s logo and its brand equity (Businessteacher, n.d.). Nike has been adopting strategies that are in accordance with the changes in the global business scenario. The company’s initial strategy was to gain competitive advantage in US by selling premium quality athletic shoes that are available at low cost. The company developed its production facilities in Japan so that manufacturing cost remains low (Saloner, Shepard & Podolny, 2008). With its products that are manufactured at reasonably low cost while not disturbing the desired level of quality, the company has been successfully dominated its main target market i.e. US. Once, enough brand equity and competitive advantage are gained in US, the company started to shift its focus on the other markets like Europe and Asia. Furthermore, when the pro duction cost in Japan started increasing Nike began production in countries like Korea, Thailand and Indonesia. In this way the company has successfully created an exclusive brand image in Asia as well (Saloner, Shepard & Podolny, 2008). Throughout its journey, Nike has properly identified and understood various aspects of globalisation and adopted strategies accordingly. Task 2 Globalization has both benefitted as well as affected the Nike’s brand image. Globalization has enabled the company to shift its production facilities from one country to another in search of ‘low cost resources’ and ‘economies of scale’. In other words, globalization has helped Nike to gain and sustain its competitive advantage in US by

Google is Making us Stupid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Google is Making us Stupid - Essay Example How much of what we know now do we get from Google? How often have we avoided the traditional methods of doing stuff and simply looked it up? While this may seem like a means of making light work, one is compelled to think of how little people want to exert themselves since Google and similar search engines came to existence. When a student is asked to write an article about the problems encountered in their school, they may rush to Google since they have assured it is the authority on everything. While may have information on a considerable number of subjects it would never be in a better position to understand your own environment. The hypothetical student ends up writing an easy about problems faced in another place and time and it loses all semblance of personal touch. It would seem that people have simply switched off their brains and let Google do all the thinking. The fact is that it may be deficient or it may lead them to links with unreliable content does not bother most of the people today. According to the two founders of Google Sergey Brin and Larry Page, the ultimate search engine is one that understands what one wants. They go ahead to state that this can be achieved by artificial intelligence arguing out that had one a brain connected to all the information they wanted it would be the perfect information system (Carr 1). However, the writer is vehemently opposed to this and with a good reason. Imagine if all human were to replace parts, then gradually all their brains with a computer. They would be able to surf the web instantaneously, and information could flow unhindered. Business deals could be opened and closed without leaving the comfort of your living room. The others fear are not new, even Socrates, when writing was first invented was skeptical saying it would cause people to lose much of their memories (Carr 1). In case the current written works mysteriously disappear and the computer databases collapse, it is unlikely that we would salva ge much of our knowledge from our memories. Yet the scholars of the past memorized Homers work and passed them on without writing, and today anyone capable of doing that would be perceived as a genius. The world and all its citizens would be fully reliant on the internet. Indeed one would be able to chat with friends on facebook or make calls without a phone (Laza 1). Conversely, all the risks found it the internet, and there is no doubt they would have increased in intensity alongside technology as it has in retrospect. As aforementioned, if wiring of the human brain with artificial one would indeed be possible, the risks that would occur are terrifying beyond belief. For once, assuming that humans would interact with their minds, not their PCs, computer virus would not just be something that crashes your computer. It would mess with ones brain and possible part them from your senses. Terrorist would have a new avenue for plying their trade. They would do this by inflating the brai ns of leaders, and other powerful people causing them to engage in self-destructive activities. Indeed the intent as it is today is highly unsafe and not the best place to get privacy. There would be no doubt as systems for controlling this in the same way that the internet search engines like Google have administrators. As such, these people would not only have power over the system of minds but even the individual minds.

Unit 1 Lab Assignemnt Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 1 Lab Assignemnt - Coursework Example To enable a DHCP client to use an address permanently, one creates client reservations. DHCP options pass additional IP setting to clients. Some of these options include DNS server and Domain name. The design of DHCP options involves definition of settings to establish the boundaries of a given DHCP configuration. Server options apply the options to all scopes defined while scope options apply to a single scope (It Essentials: Pc Hardware and Software Companion Guide 53). In addition to the DHCP configuration, there exist advanced settings. One can enable the pool configuration or specify additional service availability settings. Configuring a DHCP relay agent involves configuring the relay agent program in a computer allowing messages to be relayed across different subnets (It Essentials: Pc Hardware and Software Companion Guide 76) Setting up a relay agent on a computer on each subnet allows message traffic to be relayed to computers on different subnets (Bender 67). Configuration Protocol for IPv6 can also be configured for DHCP. The use of IPV6 allows many subnets to be created. Networking is important in any IT field. Proper understanding of this lab concepts helps prevent network errors that come about from improper configuration. Traffic jam, which is common problem to large networks, can be prevented if one adheres to proper configuration. Network security can also be guaranteed by proper

Police Corruption In The United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Police Corruption In The United States - Essay Example Police corruption acts are increasing with the passage of time and everyday we comprehend and share our views regarding police unlawful acts, what is published in the newspaper. "In New Orleans, 11 police officers were convicted of accepting nearly $100,000 from undercover agents to protect a cocaine supply warehouse containing 286 pounds of cocaine. The undercover portion of the investigation was terminated when a witness was killed under orders from a New Orleans police officer." (General Accounting Office, Report to the Honorable Charles B. Rangel). Police departments participating in the five-year study were drawn from a pool of more than 4,000 police departments throughout the United States. Only sixty-nine supplied the necessary personality, background, and offense data and met all of the prerequisites for inclusion in the study (each had to administer a personality test to applicants and had to have had at least one incident where a screened officer engaged in a substantiated corrupt act, for example). Overall, the study examined 439 officers who had engaged in corrupt acts (such as bribes and information breaches) and 439 who had not. Police corruption exists in two forms: Internal corruption and External Corruption. Internal corruption refers to all those crimes, which are held within the boundaries of the police department, i.e., corruption that resides among policemen whereas External corruption escorts to those unlawful acts that apprehend police dealings with the public. Example of an Internal crime can be any officer who is involved in drug or cocaine violence along with other officers or staff or any officer who has taken excessive advantage over the authority given to him by harassing one of his colleague or member. A 1998 report by the General Accounting Office states, "The most commonly identified pattern of drug-related police corruption involved small groups of officers who protected and assisted each other in criminal activities, rather than the traditional patterns of non-drug-related police corruption that involved just a few isolated individuals or systemic corruption pervading an entire police department or precinct." (General Accounting Office, Report to the Honorable Charles B. Rangel) When we talk about external corruption, it is obvious to do something with public prosecution and it is a widespread predicament often found in our everyday lives. Example can be any police officer (or civilian) found engaged in the persuasion of common public. Like I have often observed in New York City, some cops take unnecessary advantage of wearing a five star badge uniform. As an example of police corruption, the GAO cites Philadelphia, where "Since 1995, 10 police officers from Philadelphia's 39th District have been charged with planting drugs on suspects, shaking down drug dealers for hundreds of thousands of dollars, and breaking into homes to steal drugs and cash." (General Accoun

Criminal Law Essay Example for Free

Criminal Law Essay 1. What kind of strike does the law not allow to form the basis of self-defense claims? d. Preemptive Correct Question 2 The castle exception is an exception to what doctrine? a. the retreat doctrine Question 3 Which of the following cases involves the â€Å"New York Subway Vigilante?† c. People v. Goetz (1986) Correct Question 4 Most defenses are perfect defenses; if they’re successful, defendants are c. acquitted. Question 5 The retreat requirement is weakest or nonexistent when persons are attacked b. in their own homes. Correct Question 6 The defense of consent recognizes the societal value of a. individual autonomy. Correct Question 7 A defense in which the defendant admits the act but claims that, under the circumstances, they aren’t legally responsible is called b. excuse. Correct Question 8 A defense in which the defendant accepts responsibility for the act but claims what they did was right is called a. justification. Correct Question 9 Circumstances that convince fact finders that defendants don’t deserve the maximum penalty for the crime they’re convicted of are called c. mitigating circumstances. Correct Question 10 Which of the following never justifies the use of force against another person? a. retaliation Question 11 At the heart of the choice-of-evils defense is the necessity to prevent a. imminent danger. Correct Question 12 A person who was the initial aggressor can gain a lawful right to self-defense if they do which of the following from the incident they started? b. completely withdraw Correct Question 13 A person can use deadly force against an attacker whom the victim reasonably believes is going to cause them an injury less than death. The attacker is said to be threatening b. serious bodily injury. Correct Question 14 What is the heart of self-defense? a. necessity Correct Question 15 The general rule is that self-defense is available only against what type of attacks? b. Legal Question 16 Which of the following is a key requirement of the necessity defense? a. that no reasonable legal option exists for averting the harm Correct Question 17 The law of self-defense is undergoing b. major transformation. Correct Question 18 In some jurisdictions, a person must retreat before using defensive deadly force if a. he can with complete safety to himself and others. Correct Question 19 Defensive force may be used only if the threat or danger is  d. imminent. Correct Question 20 Evidence that doesn’t amount to a perfect defense might amount to an imperfect defense; that is, defendants are d. guilty of lesser offenses.

The Challenges And Opportunities For The Pacific Islands Politics Essay

The Challenges And Opportunities For The Pacific Islands Politics Essay When hearing the word Pacific Islands our minds wander off and mirror images of swaying palms, idyllic beaches, tranquil waters, cheap holidays and smiling locals. Beyond these characterisations, the Pacific island region is also known for its immense complexity and intriguing diversity. This is partly symbolised by the areas landmass fragmentation into thousands of scattered islands spread over the South Pacific. In line with this, my essay assesses some challenges to and some opportunities for the Pacific Island states since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Prior to this assessment, a regional profile is presented. Secondly, there is a brief explanation of the Pre- and Post-Cold War Pacific Island history. Thereafter, this essay addresses its core issues through the identification and assessment of some relevant Post-Cold War challenges to and a number of opportunities for the Pacific island region. To conclude I reiterate the essays major points of analysis. Pacific Island states in the post-Cold War World Regional Profile The Pacific Island region, which consists of 14 Island states and 21 political entities, is unique in many ways. Firstly, the South Pacific, which stretches from Australia and Papua New Guinea in the West to South America in the East, makes up one third of the earth. Simultaneously, this massive area is only home to 0.5% of the world population. Secondly, the region shows its uniqueness in a political sense through its distinctive cultures which gravely impact national and regional Pacific politics. This cultural diversity is reflected in the regions 3 main cultural groups: Melanesia in the West, Americanised Micronesia in the North and Polynesia in the South and East. Finally, according to Graham this aid dependent region, is exclusive and unseen due to its vast distance from global metropolitan centres, fragile ecosystems, limited resource base and the cultural clash between traditional lifestyles and the individualistic orientation of cash economies. The Pacific Islands in the pre and post-Cold War era Pre-Cold War era In the early twentieth century, the Pacific Island region entered a new era after its colonisation by the Western Powers. Over the next 50 years, the region, which was subjected to various territorial power shifts and the Japanese Invasion during World War II, remained under control of the Western nations. These latter established the South Pacific Commission, an advisory body on economic and social matters and more importantly a first form of regional cooperation, in 1947. Despite their decolonisation in the 1960s and 1970s, the newly emerged fully independent or self-governing island nations, maintained close connections due to a lack of economic self-sufficiency with their former Western colonisers, in particular Australia, New Zealand and the United States. In the early 1970s, the regional cooperation was further expanded through the establishment of the South Pacific Forum, a 16-member consisting advisory body on political matters. In the same decade and basically throughout the Cold War the aforementioned 3 regional powers used a strategic denial tactic against growing Chinese and Russian regional interests. While those three external regional powers were able to rebuff Soviet and Chinese overtures as well as control the region through the provision of development and financial aid assistance in the 1970s, the Pacific Island nations became more unsettled as a myriad of conflicts emerged in the following decade. Hence, the volatile 1980s, which resulted in increased domestic and regional political instability, were characterised by a series of illustrious events: military coups in Fiji, New Caledonian violence, temporary cession of the NZ-US ANZUS relationship, lawlessness in Papua New Guinea, a civil war on Bougainville and so forth. Post-Cold War era Since the end of the Cold War and the disappearance of the superpower rivalry by around 1990, the Pacific Island region has been confronted with numerous changes. For instance, the collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in an increasingly multi polar world and made international and regional organisations more influential. Furthermore, the economy started to play a pivotal role in international affairs. Contrastingly, the strategic value of the region for superpowers such as the US and the UK dwindled at first. However, after a growing Chinese interest, in particular the United States reviewed its regional strategy and policies. Some of these changes also created tensions and fuelled political instability at times. Corollary, the end of the Cold War also gravely affected the interests of the ANZAC countries. Due to the global emphasis on economic rationalism, the regions largest aid donors were pressured to lessen their unilateral involvement. After signing a number of agreements in t he beginning of the new millennium, the Pacific Island forum leaders implemented The Pacific Plan for strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration in 2005. Overall, these numerous changes, which not only had a great impact on the region, have resulted in a series of challenges and opportunities for the Pacific Island nations. Challenges Environmental One of the key challenges for the Pacific Island environment is the issue of Climate Change. In an era characterised by increasing sea levels and the warming of the globe, the world was forced to commit itself to sustainable development. In response to the looming scenarios and dire implications of this phenomenon, international and regional organisations have prioritised the Pacific Island situation due to its above average rising sea levels. This latter has placed more stress on systems already under a lot of pressure. For instance, as a result of global warming, in the short term, the pacific islands could become prone to devastating storms. This could then lead to the contamination of the regions drinking water by sea water and ultimately to the inundation of many Pacific Island entities. Being fully aware of this, the South Pacific Forum has lobbied to raise international awareness and has aimed for the implementation of a framework convention on climate change. Unfortunately, a t present the involved small island states have yet to reach a consensus due to a negative cost-benefit analysis. However, unless a large-scale cooperation is established, the further existence of many low-lying islands will indeed be at stake. Another important environmental and economic issue concerns the resource management of Fisheries. In particular the Pacific Island tuna fishery, one of the worlds largest, is of vast importance to the region. Despite the region having a rich and extensive marine life, its lack of funds to develop and protect its 200 mile exclusive economic zones (EEZ) has created a major regional challenge. While having ensured the property rights over its marine resources, due to poor management and lacking funds, the island nations only receive a small proportion of the tuna fishery revenue. Moreover, tuna stocks face depletion due to unregulated fishing and open access. This results from the fact that the commercial fishing industry in the region is in hands of transnational companies and foreign fishing fleets. Therefore, to maintain this major source of income for future generations, it will be vital to safeguard a fairer distribution of the tuna fishery benefits and to prevent the depletion of its marine resources. Some of the other important regional environmental challenges are coastal area management, forestry, biodiversity, unregulated mining and domestic waste and problems of sanitation and water pollution. Political One of the main political challenges is to establish good governance to eliminate or at least minimise internal and external conflicts. Unfortunately, due to its late decolonisation from the Western Powers and its current heavy dependency on foreign aid the regional island states lack political and constitutional tradition. As a result, the Pacific Island region has an abundance of young island states facing internal instability. Furthermore, given the withdrawal of most Great powers from the region, the island states face a tremendous task of dealing with plentiful political challenges: high crime rates, numerous ethnic conflicts, corruption, drug trafficking, border disputes and so forth. Physical/Economic The Pacific Island region has a relatively weak economy. It is generally believed that the areas geographic remoteness, small size and small population base are the main reasons for this feat. Furthermore, its poor transport and communication links, heavy dependence on foreign states and limited resources have further affected the regions low economic growth. This latter has a clear impact on the regions low levels of employment which has led to poverty, social instability and crime. Furthermore, the employment challenge faced by the region is massive due to the rapid population growth in Micronesia and Melanesia. In order to overturn this doom spiral, higher economic growth will need to be created by adequate government spending on healthcare, urban infrastructure, waste management and environmental adaptation systems. Opportunities While the region faces a high number of challenges, one can be optimistic as there are definitely some growth opportunities for the region. One of these is the effect current Chinese investment has on the Pacific Island economy. Ever since the late 1990s Chinas influence in the South Pacific has grown rapidly. Regardless what Chinas motivations are, from the Pacific Island nations point of view any financial assistance can be an opportunity for the region. At present, China has already offered high amounts of financial and development assistance to enhance trade, improving local infrastructure, develop natural resources such as mining and petroleum and so forth. Another regional opportunity for growth lies in the regions tourism industry. Despite its high potential, the regions weak infrastructure, costly transportation, social and political instability, high crime rates and disease risks have slowed down tourism growth. To overcome these obstacles and truly capitalise on this massive opportunity, local governments and regional mechanisms need to address these above mentioned external constraints, develop national tourism policies in terms of its environmental impact, invest in tourism-related training to boost employment and improve marketing and data. Politically, establishing effective political leadership resulting in sustained growth is considered as a regional opportunity. This latter can only be accomplished through reforms. For instance, if one can strengthen the electoral systems and parliaments and involve the civil society in politics it will have a hugely positive effect on the government performance which will reverse the current doom spiral by minimising the numerous challenges the region is currently facing. In conclusion, it is evident from the above analysis of the Pacific Island region that due to slow growth various challenges are looming for the South Pacific nations. While there are a multitude of opportunities and despite foreign financial and developmental aid, without rapid economic growth the island nations will be unable to meet the various regional economic/physical, political and environmental challenges. Besides creating economic growth, it will be vital to manage its resources such as fishery, forestry, mining and tourism. In order to do so, vast and dramatic changes in political governance will be required. It remains to be seen though whether a combination of regional cooperation and local political stability through good governance will result into a major turning point in the Pacific Island history.

X-ray Crystallography Technique Analysis

X-ray Crystallography Technique Analysis 1 Limitations of x-ray crystallography From the first crystalline structure determination of table salt in 1914; whose structure elucidation proved the existence of ionic compounds (6), single crystal x-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) has been widening our view of the hidden world of molecular structures. Today, SC-XRD continues to be the only structural analysis method that offers direct structural information at the atomic level. As such, this technique has been vital for reliably solving many structures of small molecules such as neurotransmitters, antibiotics and industrial catalysts. SC-XRD utilises the ability of crystalline atoms to scatter or diffract a beam of incident x-ray into a series of amplified and spatially constrained beams (3). The angles and intensities of these beams can be measured and computationally processed by a crystallographer to produce a 3-dimensional image of the density of electrons in the crystal. Aside from the expertise required to process the reflection data produced, the fundamental requirement of crystals for this technique acts as major limitation, since single molecules scatter the incident x-ray to produce a weak, continuous beam that provides little useful information for analysis. While technological advances in recent decades including highly intense x-ray beams produced by synchrotrons and the development of more powerful algorithms for molecular structure imaging have allowed the size of the crystal required to be increasingly smaller, the need for a crystal has still not been eliminated. This poses a great issue as many t arget compounds are very difficult to crystallise, thus requiring experienced specialists; while others will simply not crystallise at all. In 2013, a new protocol, later coined the crystalline sponge method (CSM), was reported that attempted to bypasses this intrinsic limitation of the target molecule needing to be crystalline (1). 2 The journey of the crystalline sponge method Expectations Fujita and his team described the new method that promised to speed up SC-XRD drastically by eliminating the crystallization step of the target molecule. This was done using porous metal organic frameworks (MOFs) that act as crystalline sponges. Due to the high molecular recognition capability of their pores, these sponges can absorb target molecules from the sample solution into their pores.   In their study, Fujita and his team used two MOFs synthesised from tris(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TTP, 1) and the appropriate metal salt as their crystalline sponges: {[(Co(NCS)2)3(TTP)4]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢x(solvent)}n (2) and {[(ZnI2)3(TTP)2]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢x(solvent)}n (3). In both complexes, the void spaces showed strong binding properties for incoming guest molecules making them ideal crystalline sponges. The as-synthesized complexesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °2 and 3 contained solvents in the void. By soaking the crystals of 2 and 3 in a guest solution, guest molecules slowly penetrate these wet cavities by guest exchange, and are concentrated at the molecular-recognition pockets surrounded by TTP. A characteristic of the strong host-guest interaction in the crystals of 2 and 3 lies in panel ligandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °1, which attracts various guests onto its electron-deficient à Ã¢â€š ¬-plane. The slow guest exchange allows for the process to remain under thermodynamic control, rendering the geometry of the included guests to be regularly ordered and well equilibrated, thus making it possible to analyse the accommodated guests by crystallography since the molecular structure of the absorbed guest will be displayed, along with the host framework. Since theoretically, only one crystal is needed to perform the experiment, Fujitas team found that even trace sample amounts of the microgram-nanogram scale can be analysed in this protocol. When the team used only 80à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ng of guaiazulene guest sample with a crystal of 3 (80à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÆ'-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °80à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÆ'-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °80à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼m3), they were surprised to see the guestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °was still clearly observed. Considering that the experiment was carried out using a laboratory X-ray machine, it seemed promising to accomplish crystallography with synchrotron X-ray experiments even on a mass of In order to assess the scope of the method, the team carried out blind crystallographic analysis of six appropriate samples (Fig) with only ~5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼g of each sample. In conjunction with mass spectroscopic data, all six structures were correctly assigned, with three of the structures solved solely from the crystallographic data. Additionally, the protocol was successfully used to determine the absolute stereochemistry of santonin 4, an anthelminthic drug bearing four chiral centres. Unlike common absolute structure determinations, this was achieved without the chemical introduction of heavy atoms on the guest skeleton since the host framework contains heavy atoms (Zn and I) that show enhanced anomalous scattering effects. (Expand The most impressive result of the teams protocol however was determining the absolute structure of miyakosyneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °A 5, a scarce natural marine product recently isolated from a marine sponge Petrosia sp. The structure contains three chiral centres on its main alkyl chain, two of which, C3 and C26, had been previously determined to be 3R and 26R respectively. However, since the difference between the two long alkyl groups on C14 is only one methylene unit, determining the absolute configuration at C14 was ineffective by conventional spectroscopic and chemical methods. As the amount of miyakosyneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °A was very limited, preparation a single crystal for X-ray crystallography would propose a huge challenge. The team were able apply their method to the full characterization of miyakosyneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °A to determine the absolute configuration at C14 and reported success. For its appraisers, it was this result that made this new protocol transformational (4) and understandably it led to a lot of excitement in the field. 1.3 The Fall The initial lustre of the protocol was dulled as Fujita and his team published a correction on the initial report later that year (1b). Previously unnoticed ambiguities in the crystallographic data, alongside further investigation of by the team found the initial assignment of stereochemistry at C14 of 5 to have been incorrect. Synthetic studies by the team determined the methyls stereochemistry was opposite to the original assignment reported. Poor data quality was concluded to be the cause of this errors. Additionally, more problems were met as other research groups tried to use the technique in their own labs. Although success with the technique was achieved for simple molecules, in the first few months, other groups found little success with any interesting structures, particularly large molecules or molecules containing alkaline chemical groups (8b). Fujitas team were able to aid other industrial and academic groups to master the technique in one to two weeks. Additionally, more of the issues in reproducibility were improved by the release of a more detailed report of the method (1c) that described the sponge synthesis, pore-solvent exchange and selection requirements for high quality single crystals for crystallography. However, this did not address the issue of poor data quality that led to the misassignment of 5. Since poor data quality can be attributed to all steps of the CSM, including cystal synthesis, solvent exchange, guest-soaking, data collection and crystallographic ref inement of the host-guest complex molecules; in order to move the CSM from the fascinating idea phase into becoming the transformational and reliable new technology it was envisioned to be, much work was required to optimise all these steps. 3. {[(ZnI2)3(TTP)2]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢x(solvent)}n: The most successful sponge to date 3.1 Andvantages of {[(ZnI2)3(1)2]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢x(solvent)}n In their initial paper, Fujita and his team reported using sponges 2 and 3. With further investigation, in the case of complex 2, it was observed that guest molecules absorbed in the sponge were prone to static disorder as they tend to lay on the symmetry elements of the cubic lattice (Fm3m). Additionally, complex 2 was shown to undergo unfavourable transformations when removed from solution (8c). This destabilising transformation, accompanied by a colour change from orange to green, resulted in a semiamorphous solid with a significantly altered coordination environment at the metal centre. As such, the less symmetric (C2/c) complex 3 has been employed as the primary host complex for the crystalline sponge. The versatility of 3 as a crystal sponge stems from several advantages in host-guest complexation in the pores. Firstly, the size of the pores is ideal for accommodating organic molecules of common sizes, while the hydrophobic nature of the pore cavities provides favourable bindin g of common organic molecules. Also, ligand 1 in the complex offers flat and electron-deficient binding site, appropriate for stacking with aromatic compounds and for CH-à Ã¢â€š ¬ interactions even with aliphatic compounds (9). Since the I atoms in the ZnI2 are good hydrogen-bond acceptors and the pyridyl protons of the ligand 1 are good hydrogen-bond donors, they provide efficient binding sites through hydrogen-bonding. Finally, the framework of sponge 3 is reatively flexible with the size of the guest not strictly limited to the pore size of the complex. Molecules larger than the portal are often accommodated by expanding the pore size. (1.3) 3.2.1 Synthesis of {[(ZnI2)3(1)2]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢x(solvent)}n and solvent exchange by Fujita method and updated Clardy method In their investigations, Fujita and co-workers prepared 3 by layering a solution of zinc iodide in methanol onto a denser solution of TTP (1) in nitrobenzene. The solution is allowed to stand for 7 days, over which crystals form at the boundary of the two solvents as they diffuse before dropping to the bottom of the test tube and being isolated by filtration. The as-synthesised crystals contain nitrobenzene molecules in the void spaces. However, since nitrobenzene has a high affinity to the pores, target guests are poorly absorbed into the as-synthesised crystal. As such, a solvent exchange step that replaces nitrobenzene with an inert, noninteractive solvent is required prior to soaking the crystal in the target guest solution. Cyclohexane can be adopted as the inert solvent, while pentane also proves useful for guest soaking at temperatures below 0oC. The solvent exchange step is carried out by soaking the crystal in the inert solvent for 7 days at 50oC. The success of the process can be monitered throughout by observing the disappearance of the signal at 1346 cm-1 in an Infrared (IR) spectrum, which can be assigned to nitrobenzene. Completion of the process is confirmed by SC-XRD by the presence of ordered cyclohexane molecules in the pores. The sponge may now be used for guest absorption. This solvent exchange process may complicate the refinement of the structure, since some nitrobenzene may reamin within the sponge structure after exchange (Vinogradova et al., 2014). This becomes an issue if the target guest molecule contains cyclohexyl or aromatic rings, as it may be difficult to distinguish the guest from residual solvent, especially if   the site occupancy is low or the data quality is poor. Accompanied with heavy use of crystallographic restraints, this increases the risk of misassignment of the desired guest molecule by using residual solvent electron density. Additionally, if the residual solvent and the guest interact similarly with the host, the likelihood of occupational disorder increases and making structure refinement much more challenging. Clardy and co-workers later reported a simpler and less timely preparation method for the synthesis of sponge 3 using similar conditions to those reported by Fujita and his team. (5sync) Instead of conducting the layer diffusion step with TTP in nitrobenzene, TTP is dissolved in chloroform. As such, the as-synthesised crystals of sponge 3 contain chloroform in the pores. Since chloroform has a much lower affinity for the solvent pores than nitrobenzene, the solvent exchange step can be omitted and the as-synthesised crystals used immediately. As well as saving 7 days of preparation by omitting the solvent exchange step, this method is also milder as it does not require the crystal to be heated for long periods of time. This reduces the chances of introducing imperfections in the crystal. This omission also minimises the number of solvents that the crystal is exposed to, reducing issues in structure refinement. Although some CHCl3 might remain within the sponge after guest inclusion, due to its longer C-Cl bond length (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¼1.7à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ€¦) and larger Cl electron density, CHCl3 can still be observed. This greater electron density for CHCl3 exerts a larger influence on the structure factors relative to incorporated guest compared to nitrobenzene, however the benefits of CHCl3 usage override this issue. In addition to the desired crystals, this preparation method has been found to simultaneously form other crystalline structures. Firstly, a crystalline compound with the formula [{(ZnI2)3(TPT)2 ·CHCl3}n] (2), having a much smaller pore size has been viewed. Fortunately, this crystalline structure can be easily distinguished from the desired structure from its morphology (Fig). A second undesired crystal has more recently been observed with consistently distinct unit parameter, but having indistinguishable morphology to the desired structure from its morphology (Fig). Both these crystals are believed to form due to slight changes in humidity and temperature as well as variations in mixing in the initial stages of the layering process.   desired crystal. Both these crystals are believed to form due to slight changes in humidity and temperature as well as variations in mixing in the initial stages of the layering process.

A Critical Analysis Of the Doctor Wont See You Now :: essays research papers

A Critical Analysis of "The Doctor Won't See You Now" Initially, James Gorman appears to be stating that physicians should not be ethically obligated to treat each and every "slob" that seeks treatment. The title of the essay, and the sarcastic tone, give evidence that the thesis is quite the contrary. Gorman does identify an alarming trend of physicians looking through a cynical eye with an example of a survey by the American Medical Association, published November, 1991. " Thirty percent of doctors surveyed said they felt no ethical responsibilities to treat AIDS patients" (page 62). This seems to set the tone of disgust for such physicians. Gorman further condemns such physicians by reminding the reader "doctoring is a profession, a calling requiring commitment and integrity" (page 63). Gorman confirms his argument with the first of many disenchanted views. Making a comparison that " old people who are on their way out anyway" (page 62) are responsible for rising health care costs. Gorman then becomes almost offensive when he suggests some AIDS patients deserve their predicament and others don't. At this point, the reader sees that Gorman is being very sarcastic and bitter towards physicians who mare share this view. In paragraph three, Gorman attempts to make an analogy between other professions and related obligations. In essence, the analogy equates the amount of money and personal taste one may have, with the level of care and/or attention one deserves. The analogy appears to be very inappropriate at first, however, this may be exactly what Gorman is trying to point out, making the reader more sympathetic to the thesis. Gorman begins to touch on a sound idea of preventative medicine in paragraph four, page 62, where he writes "... the medical profession is finally beginning to see that patients have a responsibility for their own health". The credibility of the previous statement is destroyed when Gorman goes on to make a false analogy, comparing doctors with small business, and suggests that their is no difference between the two fields. Gorman suggest that, like in small business, doctors should eliminate the "riffraff" in their establishments. Unfortunately, the definition of riffraff is never revealed. Gorman goes on further to suggest which diseases or ailments should not be treated without any reason except personal bias. The sarcastic tone is turned up a notch on the proverbial dial from ten to eleven. Making a hasty generalization would usually destroy credibility on an issue, but used with the tone and thesis of this essay, it actually supports Gorman's point. Gorman specifies carpal tunnel syndrome as a deserved ailment. In the last

free america :: essays research papers

free americaa  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is freedom really free? We all say we live in a free society, but if you walk across the street with out a cross walk you could be arrested! How can that be freedom, when you look at it that way It dosent really seem free. There has been major achievements in history to make our world free with out question. We the American people have strived for centuries to keep America free we fought the British to be free and create a beautiful country , we fought for the freeing of the slaves in the Civil War, also the nazi’s in World War Two who where trying to put a fascist government rule on Germany and the world. (The exact opsite of freedom).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They say that Freedom comes at a price ; why a price on freedom dosent that defeat the purpose? Wont that negate freedom if you have to give something up for it? Freedom seems to me to be something that is with out price, unexchangeable for anything ,any reason, any objective. Its irreplaceable in all expressive senses it possesses and represents. It retains and upholds liberty, independence, privilege, and license to be and to live your life as you see suitable. Freedom is open to anyone who will fight for its existence if that fight is only to say that they yearn for it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the most part we see freedom as free, if we want to go out at 3:00 a.m. in the early morning for ice-cream and shotgun shells we are â€Å"Free† to do just that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We as American citizens are accustom to many freedoms that we sometimes take for granted such as the freedom to speak out against anyone who is trying to infarct upon our civil liberties, the right to choose who will represent us to the rest of the world, and the freedom to make and change any rule set forth if it does not apply.

John Higgins Essay

The Central Issue: Why did Prescott think that his executive assistant, John Higgins, lost his effectiveness in representing the U.S parent company, while also having a strong identification with the Japanese culture? Why is Prescott having conflict dealing with Higgins about the issue? Recommended Course of Action: Prescott and Higgins should come to some kind of mutual understanding with each other as soon as possible Basis of Recommendation: Prescott and Higgins attitudes towards implementing the U.S personnel policies in the Japanese operation were both different. Prescott and Higgins should come to a mutual understanding, which would be important for the organization in resolving the conflicts between the two, to ensure the operations are running smoothly. The situation for both companies were to work together to increase the international market segment of Weaver, but before all of that, Prescott spend over 25 years in weaver, which he served in other countries and has a better experience than Higgins in handling international issues. Prescott sees Higgins activities are not for benefiting for the organization but rather for personal objectives. Higgins should not forget that he’s representing the U.S parent company in Japan and not his deep interest with japan itself. Therefore, Prescott being so high up in the corporation, he should really have an understanding of how to manage conflict and manage change in a corporation. Reasonable Alternatives: 1) Prescott should fire Higgins. This is rejected because that would not solve any kind of problem. Firing Higgins would make the company one less employee shorter overseas, plus would not help Prescott nor Higgins with any leadership skills that need to be worked on. 2) Prescott should relocate Higgins. This is rejected because that would result in more problems occurring. Higgins knows that there is issues going on and for him to be moved out of his culture that he has deeply spent time studying and growing with, would cause him more ineffectiveness in the company. If Higgins doesn’t want to move, he might want to resign which wouldn’t solve their first problem or help Prescott with his problem of fixing the issue for next time. 3) Prescott should just leave the issue, until it gets worse. This is rejected because this would make things worse. It will cause the company a deeper hole then they already are in with issues. Talking to one another about their problems is the whole reason of doing business together, if not then why work together. Letting things go will not help Prescott become a better manager and also won’t help Higgins in the feedback category. Coming to an understanding would help both out with what is going wrong instead of leaving the issue. Significant Factors: 1) Vision 2) Leadership Ability 3) Business Goals 4) Relationship 5) Positivity Discussion: Vision: One main issue I know why Prescott is having trouble dealing with Higgins attitudes towards his effectiveness of the U.S parent company is Vision. First off, the vision of the joint venture seems to only be viewed and felt by the head management and not a unit. For example, Prescott has his very own vision in looking at the company from the U.S standards and business side of things and Higgins has a way of looking at the company in the Japanese way. Both these visions are two different visions and a company cannot be successful in this matter. The reason behind this is Higgins having personal activities with the japan culture itself that when it comes down to the business part of things, he will think like a native of the country rather than a native of the U.S parent business. Another example of Vision can be used towards the employees. If the employees of the japan branch are not meeting the vision of the top management, then the business will not go hand in hand and will slow the process of the company down, may be the reason why Prescott thinks Higgins is losing effectiveness because his vision of his employees are lower standards than the top management. Once every employee is on page and is working towards one vision, the company can fulfil any method or goal they can. Leadership Ability: Leadership in any company is one of the most important things to becoming successful. As a boss or even part of the management team, having leadership is one that takes pride in what he or she does and leads their employees to success anytime they can. In this situation about Prescott and Higgins, leadership needs to take stand for both of them. In the case, they explained that Prescott seen a change in Higgins work ethic towards the Japanese employees and U.S parent company. Some reasons for this were him becoming really in depth with the Japanese culture and even being really social at work rather than making decisions. The case also stated that he would attend marriages of coworkers, which meant he was super close and had a relationship with them. Leadership plays a huge role in this with Higgins separating work form his personal life. Leadership in this situation would be to not make friends that will neglect you from your everyday work but still able to hold a relationship with them. For Prescott, his leadership should be shown in a better way as of dealing with the situation of Higgins. Prescott needs to have good leadership to confront Higgins and go over a understanding about what needs to be done on the job and what personal activities should be separate from work and what not. Prescott needs to  identify the actual reasons behind their conflict and remove them to have a smooth system. Business Goals: Adding on to the last topic of Leadership, Business Goals can fit right after that. After coming to a certain agreement, Prescott and Higgins should provide each other with certain business goals they have of their own, along with an appropriate model from their teams to follow as well. Having goals can be the motivation factor of Higgins and Prescott to achieve what they want in their employees and push each other to reach them. There is many examples that can be used here, but some minor ones are: show up on time every day, wear the right dress wear and also avoid as much personal talk and issues outside of work so that way the company can perform more. Having these goals for yourselves, yet alone your employees can surely reflect their work. The reasoning behind this is that Higgins is adapted to the Japanese culture so much, instead of finding personal issues with the culture, use it to engage with the Japanese population at the work place to get them to follow the right rules and ways to adapt what it is he is doing. If they see someone like Higgins who has a lot of Japanese culture in him, they will feel more comfortable to relate to him, rather than draw away. Relationship: Relationship in this situation is probably key. Relationship usually can mean any type of communication or activity to engage with one another. In this situation it’s about Prescott and Higgins. I feel that Prescott and Higgins need to have a good relationship with each other so that way when issues arise, they can be comfortable talking about it rather than assuming what each other is doing. For example, Prescott feels that Higgins is drawn away from the U.S Parent company and teaming up with the Japanese because he has spent more time engaging himself in the Japanese culture that it only feels right to work with them. This pushes back on having a vision and staying with it. Since he has the Japanese culture in him he wants the have a vision of a Japanese’s native, which isn’t going well with Prescott. So having that relationship to actually have a meeting and talk to Higgins on what it is that Prescott is worried about can help the company in the long run. Posi tivity: Last but not least, Positivity. Positivity can be used in a way for Prescott. If his behavior as a boss is perceived as negative by his employees, that could mean the employees would not listen to him or any other boss of this matter. Under the organization structure that they use with employees being in other countries and not face to face, tone of the voice and compliments could be helpful in motivation or just coaching of the employees. I recommend that Prescott can use some positive feedback towards his employees and also using realistic thinking process when dealing with Higgins in the future. If you think negative of a worker, for example Higgins, the discussion can lead to more things arising that you feel negative towards rather than having a positive mindset. All in all, I fell these five factors can surely help out what it is that Higgins is doing and it could also help out Prescott in the thinking and leadership process of the understanding that him and Higgins need to hav e in order to have a smooth operations system.

The Dangers of Joyriding

1. a pleasure ride in an automobile, esp. when the vehicle is driven recklessly or used without the owner's permission Monday, 12:10 a. m. : Seven Statesville teenagers, joy-riding in a stolen car, lost their bid to outrun a police cruiser. They left the road at 100 mph, hit a tree and died instantly. The unlicensed driver was 15. On average, a car is stolen or broken into every 25 seconds. Every year, hundreds of thousands of people are killed or injured from car crimes.The victims could easily be one of your family or friends. Most car offenders are between 17 and 25 years old and most of them started offending between the ages of 13 and 16. It’s a very serious problem that has been happening all over the country. Even if you were just trying to have a good time, many states find joyriding a serious offense. The main difference between joyriding and a charge for grand theft auto depends on your intent. You could just want to â€Å"borrow† the car for a few hours, or a ctually steal it from the owner.One of the biggest dangers of joyriding is traffic accidents. Many teenagers who go joyriding are inexperienced and unlicensed. They go do it just to seem cool or to just go and have fun! But it’s a very bad idea because you might get caught, or in an accident, unless you’re a very good driver. But if you’re a very good driver, you should have your license already. In conclusion, this is why you should never take a car without asking first or having a license.

Business Law Essay

Peter approached you for advice on his purchase of a camera. He recently took up photography as a hobby and started to look for cameras. Based on his friends’ suggestion, he went to the IT show last weekend and bought a camera after bargaining with the sales personnel. Peter selected the camera model XYZ from a list of brochures which were distributed at the entrance of the IT show. The price indicated on the brochure was $1,500.00 with goodies bag worth $350.00 with the words in bold â€Å"WHILE STOCKS LAST†. When Peter approached the sales person, he was informed that the first batch of cameras at the price of $1,500.00 was sold out in the morning. The sales person suggested that Peter purchase the camera from the next batch but at a higher price of $1,600.00. Peter asked for the best price for the camera and the sales person replied, â€Å"Best price is $1,550.00 and don’t refer to the brochure any more. This is a different batch.† Peter responded that he would buy the camera immediately if the price could be reduced to $1,500 which was indicated in the brochure. Peter also mentioned to the sales person that he was picking up photography as a hobby and the camera with its wide range of manual settings was ideal for his photography workshop. As the crowd starting to gather at the stall, the sales person left Peter to attend to other customers. Feeling that the whole episode was a set-up, Peter went to other stalls to check the price of the camera model XYZ. He was surprised to find out that there was indeed a shortage of supply. Peter quickly rushed back to the first stall and approached the sales person. The sales person remembered Peter and told him that he only had one camera model XYZ left and it was on a ‘reserve list’ for another customer. Peter felt desperate and as he did not want to go back empty-handed, he offered to pay $1,600.00 for the camera. The sales person said that the price has gone up to $1,700.00 and there are others who are keen to pay this price. Peter felt that it was important to get the camera without further hesitation and he finally bought the camera at $1,700.00. Peter encountered the following issues when he started using the camera: a) The manual settings function was limited when he compared to the function indicated in the brochure. b) Peter’s friend is using the same camera model XYZ and when Peter compared the two cameras, Peter’s camera was indeed of lower quality than that of his friend’s camera. The brochure states that the camera â€Å"is of good quality as guaranteed by the manufacturer†. Peter does not have any documents from the sales person listing down the functions. Advise Peter on his purchase of the camera, his issues with the camera and his recourse against the stall. (60 marks) Performance Guide for students: Marks will be awarded for: (i) Content : a. Clear usage, statement and explanation of relevant legal principles b. Original, clear, logical and convincing discussion on application of the laws to the facts c. Statement of Conclusion d. Appropriate referencing (in text and list of references) (ii) Number and quality of references: At least 5 (iii) Organization of answer and writing style (including spelling, grammar, syntax etc). Please make sure you use â€Å"Grammar and Spell check† functions to check your submissions. INSTRUCTIONS for Continuous Assessment 1 : Individual Assignment †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Deadlines and Guidelines are provided on the course Blackboard site This is an Individual Assignment marked upon 60 marks. Weightage for this assignment: 30% of total marks for this module Assignment should be type written using 12 pt ARIAL font and 1.5 line spacing. Word limit is 1200 words (excluding words in references) and must be printed at the end of assignment. † † CA Submission †¢ †¢ †¢ CAs must be submitted online via student portal. Deadlines, instructions and detailed guidelines are provided on the course Blackboard page. Please read instructions and guidelines provided on student portal, Blackboard and in this document carefully. Ignorance of specific directions mentioned in these documents will not be considered as a valid reason which will lead to marks deductions and may lead to failure in the CA component of this course.

Lady Macbeth – Human Weakness

Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeare’s play ‘Macbeth’ is a character who suffers greatly in because of her human weakness, which is her vaulting ambition. This ambition is not for her, but for her husband. This woman, who seemed so in control at the beginning of the okay, only cared for her husband and his success, later becomes so consumed with guilt and remorse that it results in her tragic death. Through the discussion of characterisation and lkey scenes, I shall reveal that Lady Macbeth’s human flaw is   not only a major contributor to the ruthlessness of her husband but creates a huge influence in how the play unfolds.The effect of Lady Macbeth’s ambition and compassion towards her devoted husband is immediately shown in the first scene of which she appears. When she receives a letter from Macbeth informing her on his meeting with the three witches, who they promise him that he will be king. This is, in Lady Macbeth’s eyes, his rightful position and by her first words, ‘Glamis art thou cawdor/ and shalt be what thou art promised’ makes us instantly recognise that she will stop at nothing to make sure that he gets what she feels Macbeth deserves.So when Lady Macbeth’s disturbing soliloquy about her becoming un-womanly to make sure her plan to kill Duncan will not fail, is not all of a surprise. She calls upon the spirits of evil in her quest to become completely absent of feeling and emotion. ‘Come you spirits, which tend on mortal thoughts/ unsex me here and fill me from the crown to toe/ top-full of direst cruelty’. She wishes for all her innate womanly qualities to disappear and replace it with evil ‘Come to my woman’s breasts and take my milk for gall’.She calls upon the evil spirits to prevent her in failing her mission to make her husband king. ‘no computions visiting of nature/ shall shake my fell purpose’. She asks for ‘Come thick night, and pall thee to the dunnest smoke of hell’ to hide her malicious thoughts and plans from everyone. As well as wishing for herself to become overwhelmed with ambition and callousness, she wants her husband to do the same. As in the same soliloquy she states her concerns for Macbeth that his soul is ‘too full of the milk of human kindness/ to catch the nearest way’.This means that she thinks that Macbeth’s natural kindness is a bad thing and that he would be unable to murder Duncan, the quickest way to become king. However, when Macbeth returns home from fighting he is greeted with the plan to kill Duncan. At first he refuses to co-operate but his wife manipulates him to change his mind. She throws at him insults, such as ‘once you durst do it, then you were a man’ and to call a man who just fought bravely for his king a coward in a mighty insult. She also throws at him ‘From this time such I account thy love’.At the end, in order to make sure Macbeth does commit the unnatural deed she tells him a disturbing image of her with her newborn child ‘And dash'd the brains out, had I so sworn as you’. Even so, if Lady Macbeth was a heartless, truly selfishly ambitious and a ruthless character then she would not have to call upon spirits to help become evil and take all her womanly qualities. Thus implying that she has womanly qualities that she wants rid of. And Shakespear makes us weary of this by allowing her to speak her thoughts and agony’s but only when Macbeth is not around.When Macbeth commits the murder, in Act 2, he is truly distraught and cannot think correctly and brings back the blood laden daggers with him. So Lady Macbeth, again, takes control of the situation. Earlier in the scene Lady Macbeth, who we first thought would commit the murder could not as ‘had he not resembled my father as he slept/ I’d had done it’. This shows flaw in her ruthlessness and shows th at her calling of evil did not completely work. It also shows that her human weakness, has weakness’ in itself. However she collects herself and brings the daggers back to Duncan’s body. To do this must have taken super human strength.

One-eyed Mother Reaction paper

A very touching, affecting, and inspiring story that we watch, about a one-eyed mother with her daughter that has disrespect, unloved, and disgrace with her. Her daughter feels that her mother is an embarrassment for her which totally shows how that person despised her mother. For a daughter with one-eyed mother, she felts embarrassment, ashamed, and disappointment. She sees the negative side, actually the negative physical aspect of her mother through the years that her mother taken are for her.Just because her mother has a one eye that she didn't even bother questioning on why her mother Just only have a one eye. And that is because of her, her mother donated her one eye for her because her daughter born with Just have a one eye only. And she wants that her daughter didn't experience the feeling of loneliness that her give to her mother. I bother on why and how that daughter treats her parent, mother in that way.Instead of showing disrespect for her mother that is fervently able, s he Just take good care, show support and most especially she must show love and affection. And she does that to her mother through her whole life until she became a mother too. She didn't even bother to give back to her mother for taking care of her, for loving her, and for giving a good education and good life for her. How cruel Is that? For me, I didn't see myself doing that to my parents or even to my loved ones. I am a very lovable and caring person to the persons that I loved.I ant see that my mother feels that way and I can't do that to her because, I loved her so much. No words can express how I love my mom also my dad so; I can't do such thing like hers. Being a daughter you must show the love and affection to your parents because they always sacrifice the thing that they can give to their daughter and son. I felt so much sadness. I learned that you should love your parents or your loved ones unconditionally because It gives the happiness that you need and happiness that the y also need.

Analysis of Connie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Connie - Essay Example It is her fear and the need to keep her family away from troubles that force her to give in to Arnold Friend, her abductor. For example, at first she is equally forced by the desire to go out with Arnold Friend and the fear of being raped and killed, and hence unable to reach a decision. She neither refuses the invitation altogether, nor easily shows her willingness or desire to surrender. Instead she seems interested in prolonging the conversation only giving the lame reason â€Å"If my father comes and sees you† (46). This in fact, is used by the writer to show how easy it is to con a human being exploiting their basic instincts. However, when her family was dragged into the affair by Arnold Friend, she realizes the graveness of the situation and decides to call the police. Connie is an epitome of adolescence who finds home atmosphere claustrophobic and her mother’s comments annoying. She finds solace in the philosophy that her mother gets angry only because she lost her look. However, there are things liked by Connie; going places with her friends, movies and shopping and even visiting a ‘fly-infested restaurant’ (36).

Whistleblowing policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Whistleblowing policy - Essay Example In both public and private organizations, incidents of unethical and unprofessional conduct by the employees are common occurrences. The actions of such employees can take different forms, including sabotage, misappropriation of funds, espionage among other deeds against the professional ethics and conduct of an organization (PwC, 2011). The effects of such actions in an organization can be severe to both the company as well as the public, depending on the magnitude of the action. However, Boyle (1990) noted that any action that goes against the code of ethics of a particular organization, regardless of how small causes irreparable damage, which could herald greater economic and public image of the company. Adler and Daniels (1992) defined whistleblowing as â€Å"the public interest disclosure whereby a fellow worker reports a concern about the misconduct or omissions of the fellow colleague(s) and or employers that may cause danger to other people or the organization.† Most a ctions of misconduct involve theft and compromising on the safety of fellow workers and the public. The importance of whistleblowing in an organization cannot be overemphasized especially in the current competitive world market, which exposes organization to insecurity in order to undermine the competitive edge in business. In this regard, many corporations are increasingly formulating whistleblowing policies as a measure of preempting such attacks. Voluntarily instigated whistle blowing policy is one of such measures and according to Lewis (2001), the disclosure should be made in good faith, meaning that the confession should made out of real concern about a wrong action. In this regard, making maliciously motivated disclosures based on false accusations does not amount to whistle blowing. For whistleblowing to perform in the best interests of the company, Lewis (2001) notes that the whistleblower should have reasonable conviction that the information in his or her knowledge is sig nificantly correct even if it could turn to be untrue later. Raising grievances or complaining does not amount to whistle blowing because such talk in an organization is usually personalized, where employees could complain of being mistreated or sabotaged. In this case, a whistle blower should not be a person who has direct personal interests on the result of any given exploration or investigation to their concerns that they might have raised. A whistleblower should raise real concerns so that other in authority can address the problem (Jesse, 2010). Organizations have different areas of concern and they include but not limited to the incidents where an employee defrauds the organization, physical or emotional abuse of patients such as the elderly and vulnerable groups in medical setting. Moreover, faulty machines or equipment that expose operators and clients to risk in addition to situations where employees are bribed to award grants tenders and other approved monetary transaction s in an organization(Jesse, 2010). Whistleblowing could serve in an organization’s interest by enhancing better risk management practices (Adler and Daniels, 1992). However, employees should be empowered so that they can have enough confidence to report matters of concern without suffering from any form of physical, psychological and financial consequence. It is important for organizations to have effective risk management practices to prevent incidents of costly litigations, higher insurance premiums, damaged reputation of the organization in addition to loss of lives, jobs and even being subjected to stringent investigations (Adler and Daniels, 1992). In this regard, instigated voluntary whistle blowing can help in triggering early warning systems for employers. This could enable organizations to enforce effective policies that provide clear framework for taking action against culpable employees and employers. If employees voluntarily voice their concerns in an organization without being forced to approach an external authority, employers would often have the

International Financial Reporting Standards Research Paper

International Financial Reporting Standards - Research Paper Example Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards and efforts to converge United States GAAP and Global Standards will provide a framework for conformity of global financial reporting principles (Ernst & Young 15). The international financial reporting standards will enhance the comparability of corporations internationally. The new system will provide investors and shareholders with better monetary information of various organizations. The new system will assist investors to acquire dependable information of firms with international operations. Investors need firms’ details, which are more dependable, timely, pertinent and comparable across economies (Needles & Powers 48). As an investor or user of financial reports, the new system will reduce the costs I incur while investing and will increase the quality of information I receive. As an investor, my investment confidence will increase as a result of superior transparency among diverse companies’ monetary reports . This will increase my willingness to purchase the company’s securities. The new system will enable me to compare and interpret monetary information of different companies around the globe. This comparability will assist me in allocating assets in my investment portfolio. The comparability of monetary reports of various firms around the globe will increase trade in the international capital markets. The outcome will be an integrated global capital markets and simplified cross boundary investment. In the long term, there will be an enhanced liquidity in the financial markets and the cost of finances will reduce. The foreign capital inflows will increase since the companies will have access to global financial markets. The increase in foreign capital flows and reduction in cost of finances will stimulate investments within the country. Increase in investments will increase the productivity of the economy, and this would result to economic growth and development (Shamrock 65). Economic development will benefit me by augmenting the standard of living of the citizens. As a borrower, I will benefit from the low cost of credit, thus enabling me to finance my investment projects. The new system will reduce the costs of financial reporting, since companies with global operations will prepare monetary reports using a single standard. Multinational Corporations may save a significant amount of cash through circumventing the costs of translating their financial declarations into numerous local financial exposure principles (Shamrock 68). Reduction in costs of monetary reporting may result to low prices of services or products provided by firms, and as a consumer, I will benefit from the low prices. Walton notes that the new system will enable multinational corporations to analyze their competitiveness in local and worldwide markets. This will increase competition between these multinational corporations. Increase in competition will enhance the quality of services and goods provided by these firms. In order to acquire a competitive benefit, these firms may services and products as cheaper prices (Walton 87). As a consumer, I will gain from high quality of services and product and low prices. Monetary reports compiled using a single set of accounting standards help investors in evaluating various investment opportunities. Evaluation of financial repor