Computer-assisted translation Essay

A genuine interlingual rendition is a variant that follows nextly the spurt of the ascendant linguistic communication. Also known as word for word translation Literal translation, or tell translation, is the rendering of text from whiz wording to a nonher word-for-word (Latin verbum pro verbo) rather than conveying the sense datum of the original. (This distinction is valid solitary(prenominal) when a typo translation does non accurately convey the sense, which is non eer true.)Literal translation, or directed translation, is the rendering of text from one dustup to a nonher word-for-word (Latin verbum pro verbo) rather than conveying the sense of the original. (This distinction is valid only when a actual translation does non accurately convey the sense, which is not invariably true. ) In translation studies, literal translation denotes technical translation of scientific, technical, expert or legal texts. 1 In translation theory, another term for literal trans lation is metaphrase and for phrasal (sense) translation paraphrase. When considered a bad pattern of conveying word by word (lexeme to lexeme, or morpheme to lexeme) translation of non-technical casing literal translations has the meaning of mistranslating idioms,2 for example, or in the context of translating an analytic language to a unreal language, it renders even the grammar unintelligible. Term in translation studies utilization The term literal translation ofttimes appeargond in the titles of 19th-century English translations of classical, script and other texts.Cribs Literal translations (cribs, ponies, or trots) ar neartimes prepared for a writer who is translating a mold written in a language he does not know. For example, Robert Pinsky is floored to have mapd a literal translation in preparing his translation of Dantes Inferno (1994), as he does not know Italian. citation needed Similarly, Richard Pevear worked from literal translations provided by his wife, L arissa Volokhonsky, in their translations of several Russian novels. citation needed.Poetry to prose Literal translation back end also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text that does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. There is, however, a great plenteousness of difference among a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry whitethorn be in prose rather than verse, but also be erroneous belief free. Charles Singletons translation of The Divine Comedy (1975) is regarded as a prose translation.As a bad practiceLiteral translation implies that it is probably practiced of errors, since the translator has made no effort to convey, for example, correct idioms or shades of meaning. Examples A literal English translation of the Ger human beings word Kindergarten would be children garden, but in English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and archetypal g rade.Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in the target language (a process also known as loan translation) are called calques, e.g. , beer garden from German Biergarten. Literal translation of the Italian sentence, So che questo non va bene (I know that this is not good), produces Know(I) that this not goes(it) well, which has English words and Italian grammar.Machine translation Early utensil translations (as of 19623 at least) were notorious for this display case of translation as they alone employed a database of words and their translations. by and by attempts utilized common phrases which resulted in better grammatical structure and draw of idioms but with m each words left in the original language. For translating synthetic languages, a morphosyntactic analyzer and synthesizer is essential. The stovepipe systems today use a combination of the above technologies and apply algorithms to c orrect the natural sound of the translation. In the end though, professional translation firms that employ machine translation use it as a tool to create a rough translation that is then tweaked by a human, professionaltranslator.Pidgins Often, first-generation immigrants create something of a literal translation in how they speak their parents native language. This results in a desegregate of the two languages in something of a pidgin. Many such mixes have particular proposition names, e. g. Spanglish or Germish. For example, Ameri merchant ship children of German immigrants are heard using rockingstool from the German word Schaukelstuhl instead of rocking chair. Mistranslations Literal translation of idioms is a source of numerous translators jokes and apocrypha.The following famous example has often been told both in the context of newbie translators and that of machine translation When the sentence The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak ( , , an allusion to Mark 1438) w as translated into Russian and then backside to English, the result was The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten (, , , ). This is generally believed to be simply an amusing story, and not a factual reference to an actual machine translation error. 4Rating Scales for Narrative (open-ended or constructed) Questions Question secretarial visualise 76 easy Qualified view has extensive independent secretarial/clerical bugger off (whitethorn be more than round five years). aspect has extensive pay back traffic with a wide-cut mix of complex issues relative to challenges encountered in the secretarial/clerical work environment. scene provides ad hoc elaborate with prize to the diversity of tasks/projects they were involved in, and his/her offices and responsibilities. aspects rejoinder is thorough and eject and completely addresses the question. 543 Qualified aspect has satisfactory independent secretarial/clerical cognize (whitethorn be nigh three to four years). candidate has beat transaction with a variety of complex issues relative to challenges encountered in the secretarial/clerical work environment however, his/her reckon is not as thorough as that of the qualified candidate. prospect provides particularized inside information in the same areas expound for the well-qualified candidate. prospects solvent is complete and addresses the question. 21 Limited Qualification nominee has express mail independent secretarial/clerical work through (may be less than roughly three years). Candidate may have some carry out, but that dumbfound is throttle or presented vaguely. Candidate may not provide specific expatiate in repartee to the question. Candidates repartee may not be clear or complete. Candidates experience is bound and not at the take aim required for this position. Question accessible function experience.76 Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive experience providing professional level social services (may be more than approximately four years). Candidate has experience dealing with a wide variety of issues relative to providing these services. Candidate provides specific details with respect to the services they have provided, the diversity of tasks/projects completed, and his/her role and responsibility. Candidates reception is thorough and complete and addresses all of the above-outlined areas. 543 QualifiedCandidate has becoming experience providing professional level social services (may be approximately three to four years).Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of issues relative to providing these services however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate. Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualified candidate. Candidates response is complete and addresses all of these areas. 21 Limited QualificationCandidate lacks adequate experience providing professional level social services (may be less th an approximately three years), as required for this position. Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely.Candidate may not provide specific details in response to the outlined areas of the question. Candidates response may not be clear or complete. Candidates experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. Question experience work with involuntarily committed individuals in a secured tantrum 76 Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive experience operative with involuntarily committed individuals in a secured setting (may be approximately two years). Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of tasks in this setting, including basic cleaning and maintenance.Candidate provides specific details with respect to the duties performed, diversity of situations encountered, and his/her role in providing service. Candidates response is thorough and complete and addresses all of the above-outlined areas. 543 QualifiedC andidate has adequate experience working with involuntarily committed individuals in a secured setting (may be approximately one year). Candidate has experience dealing with the most important tasks (e. g. , allowance patrol) however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate.Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualified candidate. Candidates response is complete and adequately addresses the question. 21 Limited QualificationCandidate lacks adequate experience working with involuntarily committed individuals in a secured setting (may be less than one year), as required for this position. Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely. Candidate may not provide specific details in response to the scope of the question. Candidates response may not be clear or complete.Candidates experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. Question intervie w experience 76 Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive experience interviewing clients to gather information (may be more than approximately two years). Candidate has experience dealing with a wide variety of individuals in a range of situations and specifically identifies the communication middling (e. g. , telephone, in-person). Candidate provides specific details with respect to the duties performed, mathematical function of interview, diversity of situations encountered, and his/her role.Candidates response is thorough and complete and addresses all of the above-outlined areas. 543 QualifiedCandidate has adequate experience interviewing clients to gather information (may be approximately one to two years). Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of issues relative to interviewing however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate. Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualified candidate. Candid ates response is complete and addresses all of these areas. 21Limited QualificationCandidate lacksadequate experience conducting interviews with clients (may be less than approximately one year), as required for this position. Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely. Candidate may not provide specific details in response to the scope of the question. Candidates response may not be clear or complete.Candidates experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. Question node service experience 76 Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive customer service experience (may be more than approximately three years).Candidate has experience dealing with a wide variety of individuals in a range of situations (including communicating with fractious and/or hostile customers/clients). Candidate provides specific details with respect to the duties performed, purpose of customer service, diversity of situations encountered, and hi s/her role in providing service. Candidates response is thorough and complete and addresses all of the above-outlined areas. 543 QualifiedCandidate has adequate customer service experience (may be approximately one to two years).Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of issues relative to providing customer service however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate. Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualified candidate. Candidates response is complete and addresses all of these areas. 21 Limited QualificationCandidate lacks adequate experience providing customer service (may be less than approximately one year), as required for this position. Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely.Candidate may not provide specific details in response to the scope of the question. Candidates response may not be clear or complete. Candidates experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. Semantic derivative instrument scale http//edutechwiki. unige. ch/en/Semantic_differential_scaleExamples Attitude scale for a web settle (S. Kim MacGregor and Yiping Lou) * boring-interesting * meaningless-meaningful * important-unimportant, * informative-uninformative * disorganized-organized * easy- difficult Web points From UPAs web maintenance and de star sign, retrieved April 11, 2011.The XXX association whose web site looks like this is Unfriendly__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Friendly Amateurish__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Professional Ineffective__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Effective Dull__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Interesting Outdated__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Up-to-date Serious __1__2__3__4__5__6__7Fun Weak__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Strong This visual design is Cluttered__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Simple Unbalanced__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Balanced Unpleasant__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Pleasant Delicate__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Bold Confusing__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Clear Self report NURSING E XPERTISE SELF-REPORT SCALE Please circle the answer that scoop describes you.* 1. I am an RN Other * 2. My job is stave nourish Assistant Nurse Manager Other * 3. Length of time since graduating as an RN Under 6 months 6 * months to 3 years more than than 3 years * 4. Length of time working on your social unit Under 6 months 6 months to * 3 years much than 3 years * 5. Previous experience in nursing prior to graduating as an RN Under * 6 months 6 months to 3 years More than 3 years The following is a list of statements about nursing consider. Please circle the number that best represents your agreement with the statement. 1. Strongly withstand 2. Agree 3. Unsure 4. Disagree 5.Strongly Disagree * 1. I often know ahead of time that my diligent role will take a turn for the worse. 1 * 2. I frequently draw on prehistorical experiences when making patient care purposes. 2 * 3. Quality nursing care results from strictly adhering to policy and procedure. 5 * 4. When I do patien t care, only a few pieces of information stand out as critically important. 2 * 5. I am consciously aware of the process of decision making in patient care. 1 * 6. Emotional attachments get in the way of good nursing care. 5 * 7. When something goes wrong with my patient, I expect to know automatically what to do.2 * 8. Sometimes I find it difficult to identify objective reasons for certain patient care decisions. 2 * 9. The best way to give good nursing care is to get close to the patient. 2 * 10. I find it time consuming to set priorities in patient care. 5 * 11. I make my best decisions about patient care when I remain objective. 4 * 12. In an emergency, things happen so quickly that I dont know what to do. 5 * 13. I base my patient care decisions more often on the rules that I learned in nursing school than on my experience in patient care. 5 * 14.It seems obvious to me what things need to be done first for my patients. 2 * 15. I use facts such as lab set and vital signs as my main source of information for making patient care decisions. 5 * 16. I usually require a portion out of information about a patient care situation out front I am comfortable with making a decision. 4 * 17. I do my best nursing care when I become genuinely involved with the patient. 1 * 18. I am comfortable with altering bill patient care procedures when I see the need. 3 * 19. Sudden patient care emergencies usually come as a complete confusion to me. 5 * 20.Most often I find myself relying on bowel feelings when it comes to patient care. 5 Source Reprinted with permission from G. Garland, Self-Report of Competence, Journal of Nursing Staff Development, Vol. 12, No. 4, p. 197, 1996, Lippincott-Raven. http//www. research-paper-example. com/nursing-self-report-scale. html http//upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Example_Likert_Scale. svg Administering the thurstone scale present is the final form. The respondents check only the statements with which they agree. The average ratings by the judges are shown in parentheses.These would not be included on the actual form given to respondents. Note that the more positive statements have a higher(prenominal) weight. This is a scale to measure your attitude toward marijuana. It does not deal with any other medicate, so please consider that the items pertain to marijuana exclusively. We command to know how students feel about this topic. In order to get sincere answers, the questionnaires are to be filled out anonymously. Do not sign your name. Please check all those statements with which you agree. ___ 1. I dont enjoy of something that puts you out of a normal state of mind.(3.0) ___ 2. It has its place. (7. 1) ___ 3. It corrupts the individual (2. 2) ___ 4. Marijuana does some people a lot of good. (7. 9). ___ 5. Having never tried marijuana, I cant say what effects it would have. (6. 0) ___ 6. If marijuana is taken safely, its effect can be quite enjoyable. (8. 9) ___ 7. I think it is horrible and corrupting. (1. 6) ___ 8. It is usually the drug people start on before addiction. (4. 9) ___ 9. It is perfectly healthy and should be legalized. (10. 0) ___ 10. Its use by an individual could be the beginning of a heavyhearted situation.(4. 1) http//psychology. ucdavis. edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/scaling/enrich/thurstone. html Iba ang Pinoy ni Princess O. Canlas Ang Pilipinas ay binubuo ng ibat ibang lalawigan, at bawat lalawigan ay may kanya-kanyang bernakular. Ngunit iba-iba man ang salita, iba-iba mang lugar ang kinalakihan, iisa lang ang ugat na pinagmulan. Tayo ay Pilipino. Mahirap malaman kung ang isang tao ay Pilipino nga o Hindu sa kasalukuyang panahon. Sapagkat ang iba sa atin ay mas nananalantay ang dugong banyaga. At kung minsan pay mahirap ding alamin sa kanilang gamit na wika.whitethorn maitim at mayroon namang maputi. May matangos ang ilong at mayroon namang sarat. May matangkad at mayroon din namang pandak. Ngunit isang katangian ang nagbubuklod sa mga Pilipino upang silay makilala mo at masabing IBA ANG PINOY Ang pagkakawanggawa ay may taglay na ibat ibang katangian. Sapagkat ang taong mapagkawanggawa ay masasabi ring matulungin sa kapwa, magalang, mabait, mapagbigay, mapagpaumanhin, mapagtimpi, o mapang-unawa. At ang pagkakawanggawang ito ang makikita sa mga Pilipino. Isang katangiang higit sa kayamanan.Mapapansin hanggang sa kasalukuyan na ang Pinoy ay may kusang loob na pagtulong sa mga taong nasa kanyang paligid, kilala man niya ang mga ito o hindi. Sa lansangan, ang mga bata ay tinutulungang makatawid nang matiwasay. Ang matatanda ay inaalalayan sa kanilang paglalakad. Ang maraming dala-dalahan ay tinutulungan sa pagbibitbit. Ang mga hindi sinasadyang mahulog na bagay ay pinupulot upang iabot. Ang mga upuan sa pampublikong sasakyan ay ipinagkakaloob ng mga kalalakihan sa matatanda o sa kababaihan. Pagbibigay ng pagkain sa mga nagugutom. Pagbabahagi sa mga nangangailangan.Pagtanggap sa mga bisita nang may sigla, pagha hain ng pagkain kahit kung minsan ay wala ng matira para sa kanila. At minsan namay pag-ako sa mga gawaing naiwan ng iba. At ang lahat ng mga ito ay ginawa ng kusang-loob at hindi napilitan lamang. Iyan ang Pinoy. Likas sa mga Pilipino ang pagkakawanggawa. At ang kalikasang ito ay dapat ingatan at pagyamanin pa. Nababatid ba natin na ang katangiang ito ay nakapagkukubli ng mga pagkukulang na ating nagawa sa mata ng Diyos? Sa iyong paggawa ng kabutihan, maaring may mga pagkakataon na ikay hindi napasalamatan o nginitian man lamang ng iyong tinulungan.At ang iyong ginawa akala moy walang saysay o walang kabuluhan. Ngunit may Isang higit sa lahat ay nakakaalam. At Siya ang tanging makapagsusukli sa iyong kabutihan. Ang paggawa ng kabutihan sa kapwa ay may katumbas na gantimpala sa Panginoon. Ngunit hindi man natin makamit ang biyayang iyon dito sa lupa, makasisiguro tayong sa langit ay ipagkakaloob ng Diyos ang gantimpala. Tayoy mga Pilipino, at nananalantay rin sa ating ugat ang dugon g Kristiyano. Ang pagkakawanggawa ay patuloy nating ihandog o ibahagi sa ating kapwa. At hayaang ang ibang bansa ang magsabing, Pinoy ay dakila